Stampfer and The Catharsis of King Lear Essay -- King Lear essays

Stampfer and The Catharsis of King Lear At the end of King Lear, when the only characters left standing are Albany, Edgar, and Kent, is the audition supposed to come out from the play with any feeling other than remorse? This search for emotional release by the audience is one which J. Stampfer believes is the most profound problem in King Lear. The overriding critical problem in King Lear is that of its ending. The deaths of Learand Cordelia confront us like a raw, fresh wound where our every instinct c completelys for meliorate and reconciliation. This problem, moreover, is as much one of philosophicorder as of dramatic effect. In what sort of universe, we ask ourselves, can wastefuldeath follow woe and torture? In his essay The Catharsis of King Lear, Stampfer discusses sevearal readings of Lears death, proves them faulty, and, through analyzation of this and other Shakespearian texts, arrives at his own conclusion concerning Lears denouement and the audiences reaction. The es say begins with Stampfer defining the relevance of Lears death to King Lear and the essay reader. Stampfer does not waste the time of the reader with an elaborate introduction. Instead, the first musical note defines the problem The overriding critical problem in King Lear is that of its ending (361). Still in the first paragraph, he quotes the line from Lear that causes the interpretation problems, referring to it as Lears desparing question (361) Why should a dog, a horse, a rat have life,And thou no breath at all? (v,iii, 306-7) The rest of the paragraph discusses problems which, in Stampfers opinion, cannot be pushed aside, such as the source Shakespeare used to write King Lear, and the Christian referenc... ...ld, and abandons athiesm and attempts to save Lear and Cordelia. This creates a paradox for Stampfer if characters such as Lear, Gloucester, and Edmund all go through some sort of awakening, why do they all die? Is there any justice in the universe? Stampfer examines O thello, Hamlet, and Romeo & Juliet, and concludes that in several(prenominal)ly of those tragedies, the play ends with the reconciliation of the tragic hero and fraternity (371). Lear, in Stampfers opinion, is the first tragedy in which the tragic hero dies unreconciled and indifferent to society (371). So Stampfer finds it necessary to go over the plot of Lear again, and dervie what within the structure makes Lear different from the before mentioned plays, and attempt to find some sort of catharsis. Stampfer comes up with several key points. The first is Lears abandonment of everything he once knew.

Behavioral and Side Effects of Caffeine :: Coffee Caffeine Science Chemistry Research Papers

Behavioral and Side Effects of CaffeineCaffeine is the most consumed psychoactive drug in the world (Solinas et al, 2002). Caffeine has been known to have umpteen side effects on hour external behavior and our internal physiological behavior. We use caffein in our lives to sometimes stay awake to postulate or just get through the day. Caffeine decreases the blood flow to the brain by constricting the blood vessels but can also gain blood flow after continuous intake that may behave headaches (Kalat, 2004). Caffeine has a tendency to block adenosine (A1-, A2A-, A2B-, A3), which increases throughout the day to allow us to sleep and because decreases as we sleep which allows us to wake. Thus, if caffeine blocks adenosine we are unable to sleep when feeling the urge or wanting to sleep, which may cause us to decrease our caffeine intake. Caffeine acts to antagonize adenosine receptors, which then affects cell populations because it counteracts many adenosine effects. The caf feine mainly has an effect on the A2a adenosine receptors which then elevates the energy metamorphosis in the brain and also causes a decrease in cerebral blood flow (Cameron,et.al, 1990 Ghelardini, et.al, 1997 Nehliget.al,1992 Neuhauser-Berthold et.al, 1997). Along with caffeine affecting the adenosine it also has an effect on GABA receptors and the release of dopamine (Nehlig et.al, 1992).Caffeine not only blockades adenosine it also releases intracellular calcium, inhibits phosphodiesterases and blockade or regulatory sites of GABAa-receptors (Gupta and Gupta, 1999). Withdrawal symptoms of caffeine are headache, drowsiness, scare and lethargy (Gupta and Gupta, 1999). Dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission is modulated by adenosine in the striatum. Adenosine A1 in the nerve terminals inhibits dopamine and glutamate from being released. Caffeine has an effect in this system by antagonizing of adenosine, which can then stimulate neurotransmitters to release dopamine and stimu late dopamine receptors (Solinas et al, 2002). A study done on rats showed that caffeine increased extracelluar concentrations of dopamine and glutamate in the shell of the sum accumbens (Solinas et al, 2002). These results of dopamine and glutamate in the shell of the nucleus accumbens might be related to the psycho stimulant effects of caffeine (Solinas et al, 2002). Studies show that Dopamine2 receptors are needed for caffeine activation in the brain (Zahniseret al, 2000). Adenosine receptors, dopamine receptors and GABA have been shown in studies to be involved in

Sleepy Hollow:Heads Will Roll Essay -- Art

Sleepy HollowHeads Will RollHave you ever heard of The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow? Its a wonderful story, written by Washington Irving in 1819. It was then(prenominal) made into a movie entitled Sleepy Hollow by the gothic film maker Tim Burton in 1999. Basically, it tells the story of a constable named Ichabod Crane sent to a small Dutch community called Sleepy Hollow in the state of New York to investigate the deaths of many people found with their heads cut off. The locals say that the murders have been committed by the legendary Headless Horseman and Ichabod does not believe this, but with the help of the fair Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter of the towns richest man, and the young son of one of the victims, young Masbath, he finds out thus that a horseman was the key to the murders, but that he was controlled by a person of flesh and blood that possessed his skull, Katrinas evil stepmother She killed everyone that made her family jump out in the past to avenge herself and she a lso assassinated everyone that stood in her path to steal the richest man in towns fortune her husband. So Ichabod then recuperates the skull, gives it back to the horseman who then takes Katrinas mother into his bloody grave with him. The story takes place in 1799, and the movie represents that time very well. For example, when they write, they use a feather and some ink instead of a pen. Also, there are no cars in the movie, only horses are used. Another thing that is representative of the e...

All Quiet On The Western Front :: essays research papers

The story of several schoolmates who symbolize a generation destroyed by the dehumanisation of the First World War, All Quiet on the Western Front tells of the men who died, and the tragically changed lives of those who survived. Remarque follows the story of Paul Bumer, a young infantryman, from his last days of school to his death three old age later. Whereas the journey motif is typically used to portray a positive character development, that of Paul is deliberately the opposite. In what has been dub fanny the greatest antiwar novel of all period, Remarque depicts the fashion in which Paul is snatched away from humanity by the brutality of war. However while Paul and his comrades become separated from society, and begin to rely on their introductory survival instincts, in their own surroundings they still show humane qualities such as compassion, camaraderie, support and remorse. Pauls transformation from human to pass begins in training camp, and is reinforced by the trauma at the front. His return home further alienates him from society, and Paul begins to feel safe at the front with his friends. as yet throughout the novel suffering and mortality bare Pauls true side, and he momentarily regains his former self. Bumer, the German word for tree, is an former(a) indication that Paul must remain firmly rooted in reality to survive the brutality of war. Even when the novel begins, all Paul has cognize is death, horror, fear, distress, and despair. He describes the other soldiers in his company, including his German school mates with whom he enlisted after constant lecturing from their school master, Kantorek. The pressures of nationalism and bravery had forced evening the almost reluctant students to enlist. However weeks of essential training caused any appeal the military may have held for them to be lost. Corporal Himmelstoss, the boys instructor, callously victimizes them with constant bed remaking, sweeping snow, softening stiff boot leather and crawling through the mud. While this seems to be somewhat cruel treatment, it was in fact beneficial for the soldiers. the most important result was that it awakened in us a strong, practical sense of esprit de corps, which in the field developed into the finest thing that arose out of the war comradeship. (p23)The time spent at training camp prepared the boys for what was to come, by making them tough and brutal, while at the same time creating an army that does not spare to question its orders.

Cloning :: essays papers

CloningCloning is the process of creating a genetic duplicate of anindividual. Since the February 1997 announcement of the birth ofDolly, a sheep cloned by Ian Wilmut, cloning research has increasedconsiderably. Cloning populace has recently become much more of apossibility in society than it was days ago. Scientists are on theedge of a huge breakthrough in the field of tender cloning, and societymust ask itself whether or not it should be allowed. M all argumentscan be made for and against human cloning, but since it is unethicaland would take away individuality and disrupt social values, thepractice of cloning humans is one that government should ban andsociety should not accept.Proponents of human cloning may argue that it is just a logicaland inevitable advance in science research and technology. It is,however, too risky for human subjects. At the present time, thegeneral consensus of the public is against human cloning.(Fitzgerald 37) Within a few years time, however, the medicalpossibilities of human cloning may be attractive enough to changepublic opinion. Research on human cloning would involve hugerisks for the initial clones, because any experiments in humancloning would eventually have to be carried out on human beings.Human cloning is unethical because the risks of this practice greatly outdo the benefits. The technique that produced Dolly the sheep wassuccessful in only 1 of 277 attempts. If this technique were attemptedin humans, it would risk miscarriages in the mother and severedevelopmental problems in the child. Standard medical practice wouldnever allow the use of any drug or device with such little study andwithout much supererogatory animal research. (National Bioethics AdvisoryCommission) The actual risks of physical harm to the cloned childcannot be certain without conducting experiments on human beings. Thisin itself is unethical because no one knows what pull up stakes happen and thechild is in danger because one does not know what is going to happen,and one ispossibly leading to a child who could be modify and havedevelopmental difficulties. (Professor John Robertson)Human cloning would violate a persons individuality and take awaya childs identity. Cloned children would see themselves not as aperson, but as an object that their parents could discard becauseof imperfection. A family is no longer a genuine family.Children should be valued for who they are, not according to howclosely thy stir their parents expectations. If a child werecloned, his life would already have been lived by another human

Cloning :: essays papers

CloningCloning is the process of creating a genetic reiterate of anindividual. Since the February 1997 announcement of the birth ofDolly, a sheep cloned by Ian Wilmut, cloning research has increasedconsiderably. Cloning humans has recently become much more of a misfortune in society than it was years ago. Scientists are on theedge of a huge breakthrough in the field of human cloning, and societymust quest itself whether or non it should be allowed. Many argumentscan be made for and against human cloning, but since it is wrongand would take away individuality and disrupt genial values, thepractice of cloning humans is one that government should ban andsociety should not accept.Proponents of human cloning may argue that it is just a syntheticand inevitable advance in science research and technology. It is,however, too risky for human subjects. At the present time, thegeneral consensus of the public is against human cloning.(Fitzgerald 37) Within a few years time, however, the medicalpossibilities of human cloning may be attractive enough to changepublic opinion. Research on human cloning would subscribe to hugerisks for the initial clones, because any experiments in humancloning would eventually have to be carried out on human beings.Human cloning is unethical because the risks of this practice greatlyoutweigh the benefits. The technique that produced Dolly the sheep wassuccessful in only 1 of 277 attempts. If this technique were attemptedin humans, it would risk miscarriages in the mystify and severedevelopmental problems in the child. Standard medical practice wouldnever allow the use of any drug or device with such half-size study andwithout much additional animal research. (National Bioethics AdvisoryCommission) The actual risks of physical harm to the cloned childcannot be certain without conducting experiments on human beings. Thisin itself is unethical because no one knows what will happen and thechild is in danger because one does n ot know what is going to happen,and one ispossibly leading to a child who could be disabled and havedevelopmental difficulties. (Professor John Robertson)Human cloning would violate a persons individuality and take awaya childs identity. Cloned children would catch themselves not as aperson, but as an object that their parents could discard becauseof imperfection. A family is no longer a genuine family.Children should be valued for who they are, not according to howclosely thy meet their parents expectations. If a child werecloned, his life would already have been lived by another human

American Popular Culture and Advertisement

In this essay I will describe the impact that popular American socialization has had on my personal decision making, by in short describing popular American culture observeing patterns in my list of popular culture artifacts from my inventory, describing which items are more common than others, identify which themes are prevalent, and describing some of the values cosmos communicated by the items in my list. American popular culture can be describes as the ideas, attitudes, and perspectives within the current mainstream of the American population.Popular culture here in American is heavily influenced by the mass media which saturates the lives of our society. This mass culture can been viewed as a commercial culture, mass produced for mass consumption and has expressed itself by means of almost every medium, like music, movies, politics and regular(a) sports like good old American Baseball although it easily absorbs many others cultural traditions like association football whi ch originated from England, and yoga which is said to be as old as civilization itself.Some of the patterns of the items in my list of artifacts are those of consumption, and there are other artifacts that are honest to sell an idea or service. What is obvious in each of the themes in my list of artifacts is that they are designed to grab your attention, and those that are more common than others are the magazines, billboards, and television. They are all conveniently displayed while waiting for your appointment, getting gas for your car or just waiting at a stop shadowy on the way to your destination.These artifacts entice, seduce and focus on pleasure or some type of social responsibility like the billboards asking anyone to assist the LAPD to identify the women who were murdered by the grim sleeper. The extent to which I feel that the value of popular American culture has had on my personal decision making is great. I watch television to keep up with current events for sociali zing with others and feeling a part of, I listen to music for the same reason, and many of the decisions I make as an American is to feel a part of American culture.I am very aware of the impact that the influence of this popular culture has on my decision making, how I am seduced to buy a product from an infomercial that states I can look younger, or remove any flaws I may have or lose excess pounds of weight, knowing that I will be billed for much more than they advertised. I am quite aware that I dont need most of the items I find in the advertisements, but my vanity and wanting to be younger, better, thinner, or even have more money, the seduction draws me in and consciously fall into place with many who assimilate to this hegemonic culture feeling like I am doing what I am supposed to do.

Prolonging Life Essay

AbstractThis term paper will discuss Prolonging Life, death & dying, patients and their families as well as the removal of spiritedness support. This paper is also discussing the pros and cons, the debates.Prolonging Life is one of the debates we have had for centuries. Even when doctors say it is enough families still fight to prolong life. Death has ceases to be a mysterious struggle but has rather become a public affair involving teams of physicians. Theirs is many different medical ethical issues involving prolonging life. For years families and infirmarys have fought on how to work on critically ill patients. Some families fight to keep their loved ones alive and on life support, while some doctors well suggest other perspicacious and sometime it is also the other way around.Life support technology has advanced, allowing physicians to prolong lives in circumstances that were not possible before. However, Family members and legal proxies well be called to make a decision for those patients who arent able to speak or for those who are in a coma. Therefore emotional and ethical confusion much cloud the decision-makers mind and heart in these circumstances.Consider this scenario An elderly woman of the age of 67 decided to write out her living well in which she clearly states she does not want to be resuscitated or be put on life support. Three years later she was rushed to the hospital for a critical heart attack which put her in a coma. There was nothing the doctors could do and was put on a ventilator. Her husband refused to think her of life support even when he knew about her living well. The doctors decided to give him some time to grieve and think about it.Three days passed with no hope of recovery for the elderly women and the doctors tried to approach the husband once again about his wifes condition. He still refused to outcome her off life support. However the doctors gave him a few more days. By the end of the week the doctors decided to tak e her off life Prolonging Life 4 support. The scenario is one of many debates in which everyone would have their own opinions about. In which has happen plenty of time.

The experience of love as described in the poetry section, Love and loss of the Tracks2 anthology

. The first gear distich of poesys, First whop by John Cl ar and A birthday by Christina Rossetti are two poems which carriage the early and vague stages of love, the first universe more pessimistic as listing the negative effects of love- its symptoms kind of than its positive side, the second portraying the seeds happiness to be in the clutches of love.The use of strong imagery is unpatterned in both pieces as they tackle what goes through ones mind when in love, although it seems that the former poem is more on the physical side of the subject rather than the emotional. Christina Rossettis poem seems to be full of rejoice to her lovers coming, if non slightly vague in that aspect, until one learns that her lover was truly likely god and that it was close for whi9ch she was so eagerly waiting for. The first poems love seems unrequited, which seems to be the climax of it- the anxiousness of the author to are flowers the winters choice? Rossetti does not give much insi ght into the details of her love, nevertheless it seems that she has no worries of this- she seems more in control of her love. This is evident through rossettas use of royal imagery, from mentioning the rich vair, which was used as a medieval fur cloak lining to the sovereign peacocks with a hundred eyes. Clare gives the impression that he is physically under her control this conclusion can be drawn from the way my legs refused to walk away which shows his enceinte helplessness to this situation-in contrast to the in-control Rossetti style love.A similarity that both poems share is the use of natural imagery to convey emotions regarding love, Clare resorts to describing her face as a sweetish flower which seems to be the most natural image in the poem, in contrast to the slightly disturbing yet powerful images of blood burning almost his heart and turning deadly pale. Christina Rossetti s poem in like manner uses natural imagery but more in the first part. The poem is not rat tling divided in any way, yet the reader will feel that way due to the split use of imagery of her former interpretations of My heart, followed by her orders as the sovereign noble.The imagery she uses can be easily associated with nobility since it includes the royal vair, which was a valuable fur lining of garments use in the medieval times. It is therefore not incidental that Rossetti was obsessed with the middle ages, especially the Italian style of painting at this time. Her imagery is therefore not tho rich, but slightly old fashioned doves and pomegranates were signets often used on shields of royal houses and clans.The gender of the writer seems to have an effect on the portrayal of love, Clare is victim, describing someone who take my heart away complete, whilst Rossetti is the more in-control woman which is waiting for her love in splendour of royalty. The other apparently insignificant detail is that of the poems title, which of the two the latter(prenominal) seems to have a deeper meaning. A Birthday on first impression is a situation associated with joy and merrymaking, which is partly true to the emotions the author is expressing, yet it does not mean a birthday in the conventional sense of celebrating your birth, but in this case her rebirth.This rebirth can be interpreted as her waiting for death and her lover to be God, the images of richness and splendour can similarly be interpreted as in a more morose scene the vair and purple dyes of the coffin and the fleurs-de-lis as the funeral bouqet. The title of Clares poem simply gives an overall of the poem following, the incident of first love and the pains as well as pleasures that the author goes through during the whole ordeal the physical pain of blood burning around his heart to the mental pain of uncertainty to her feelings towards him.The simplicity and consequently the glorious effect of both poems is a comparison to both, they both rhyme every two lines shoot-fruit and both flow as abcbdcec. The poems are both divided into parts, much like paragraphs or the chapters of a book, they express slightly different emotions and change the context in every one of these parts. The second pair of poems is When we two parted by passkey Byron and Villegiature by Edith Nesbit. These are now about a much later phase of love, showing its condition after(prenominal) it has somewhat decayed and the passion has fizzled out.Both of the poets in comparison to the first set seem to suffer more as a result of their family than have any enjoyment out of it. The most painful image presented by lord Byron is that of their parting, as well as his later questioning wherefore was she so dear. Villegature is the more light-hearted of the two, the author going on her very own holiday, the word Villegature is French, which misleads the reader into thinking the poem will be about romance, only truly revealing the poets true emotions at the rather shocking end, how you always bore me The poems both express the expectations that the poets have of their lovers, this seems to differ with the poets gender, since lord Byron demands truety from his mistress, which is evident when he mentions that light is thy fame, fame meaning her social status is that she could be regarded as a woman of loose morals. The demands of Nesbit are quiet different, in light-hearted humour, she expresses her lust for romance and passion, which has obviously vanished, from her kindred.The relationship is not described in great detail, but it is very likely that they have been together for a long time Nesbits poem fits the description of a married couple-together for the sake of marriage. Lord Byrons attachment to his mistress, Long, long shall I rue thee. Is evident through his choice of parting quarrel in the first stance and the way he still seems to love her after all those years. When we two parted portrays love which is pulled like a puppet on draw by society, when her name is spoken of badly Byron knows that he cannot continue to love her in fear of exposing their relationship. The partnership was a concealed one, in secret we met, unplowed away from the preying eyes of society for a reason that the poet does not give. Byron alternates between different emotions through the stances of the poem, ranging from his love for her to disregard of her and grieving for their dead relationship.Lord Byron also uses questions in the last two stances to draw attention to the expressions used. The two questions contrast in the poets emotions, the first Why wert thou so dear? questions the emotional using up of his lover whilst the second How should I greet thee? betrays the poets ever present sentiments for her, With silence and tears. the very same way they parted years before. The poet questioning himself gives a hot insight to his emotions through his answers and their importance by the way they are made to stand out by the use of dashes after them, A shudder comes all over me-.Villvegature also highlights the importance of some phrases through the use of similes solid self long leagues away draws attention to the fact that he is no longer an aim of great admiration or interest in the poet, she also uses the words deep in dull books to emphasise his insipidness and the contrast of reality to her fantasized wild-eyed lover, who is much like a Romeo who climbs a tree to reach his aficionado, the poet. The poem by lord Byron also shows some disappointment with his partner, perhaps more with her being disloyal to him, but he does also mention that their passion grew somewhat stale,Colder thy kiss.The disappointment comes from the fact that she broke all her vows and no longer is loyal to him. The use of romantic imagery is evident in both poems, in Villegature it is more the nature or environment which seems to be affected by romance- The pear-tree boughs are mentioned three times, in the first second and third stances, the poet also talks of p earls of song in the concluding stance, the only aquatic gem being the pearl.Lord Byrons poem uses imagery, which describes more of his lover than the nature or scenery, Pale grew thy cheek yet not much imagery is used in his poem compared to the work of Christina Rossetti or even John Clare. The reason for the contrast between the two poems may be that Edith Nesbit used excessive romanticism in her poem to spud the reader into thinking that she loves her partner or that the poem is not a fantasy, but an actual activity, although in the first stance she does use the image of your contact, which is reminiscent of a memory she had of her lover.The last poem is A woman to her lover by Christina Walsh. This is the poem, which demonstrates the expectations of a liberated woman to her potential lover it has an aroma of womens liberation movement about it and seems like a reasonable set of refusals that a 20th century woman could make. Aside from being very inspirational and emotion pr ovoking, the poem also is an interesting expression of the poets attitude to love and life, more careful and in a way determined than the earlier poems concerning love.The author this time seems to attack her mannish oppressors by generating some very persuasive arguments, such as by putting the wingless angel or the doll in, without argument, a negative light. The poet is very critical of the average potential lover, in the first three stances, setting down a set of iron rules that he must abide to in order to be her co-equal in marriage. Her criticism is evident through her counter-glorification of the stereotypical, yet sadly often common desires of men are to have a doll to dress and sit for feeble worship or to have my skin soft only for your fond caresses.The use of the words As conqueror to the vanquished is also interesting- to me forming an image of the Spanish armada putting the capturing the helpless natives, in time turning them into a bondslave a slave with a bond to i ts master so they could not profane themselves out after their period of servitude has passed. The last stance concentrates mostly on what the poet expects of her lover, setting down the fundaments of the conditions in which a relationship with her could potentially bloom.Walsh uses words reminiscent of an alliance rather than the more conventional relationship of two lovers, your comrade, friend, mate together co-equal, giving a very lucrative description of a relationship free of the afore mentioned (wingless angel etc. ) conventional entities, not wanting to be a sex toy to satisfy his clamorous desire, but to know the naturalness and height of passion, refusing to be a placid doll or a holy wingless angel and using clear and strong words to express this fool, I refuse you to express her distaste for the men who take enjoyment in this.In the first stance, she expresses a different kind of racket than in the second or third since the latter does not require her to do any manua l work, she refuses No servant will I be. Another point worth mentioning of the last stance is the way the marriage is described, the imagery used being so artistic and unusual music of the spheres for acceptance march , The stars to laugh with joy ,words which emphasise how different the marriage ceremony will be if the love is true and pure, if it is based on companionship and enthusiastic love- a contradiction of the poets most despised image of the foolish man.

Intellectual Property Laws of India

Intellectual Property Laws of India James Thanickan When India became a Re man in 1950, India had Intellectual Property legislations on copyrights, unpatterneds, pictures and raft label. These were mostly adaptations of the laws of with child(p) Britain in each argona and were of general international norms. afterwards, India modified the Intellectual Property legislations to make them meet national needs and requirements.Pursuant to the countrys joining the World apportion Organisation, India either modified the existing legislations or enacted new legislations in both the intellectual properties identified in the capital of New Hampshire on get by Re later(a)d Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), as per the obligations it committed. There atomic number 18 outright specific legislations on secures and Related Rights, Pa 10ts, flip chequer, radiation patterns, geographic Indications of Goods, Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights, and semiconductor unit Integrated Circuits Layout-Designs.In addition, India in like manner has legislations on security system of biological diversity and competition. The Indian Intellectual Property legislations be now fully TRIPS compatible. A design overview of these legislations is presented in the following paragraphs. Copyrights India has a long history of copyright law enactment. As early as 1857, India passed a law to protect copyrights. Later, a nonher go was passed in 1862. But the profess which became a milestone was the Copyright solve, 1914. This was based on the Copyright be, 1911 of the joined Kingdom with sui dodge modifications for India.This act as remained in labor until replaced by the present Copyright of 1957 on 21 January 1958. The present legislation was amended periodically in 1983, 1984, 1992, 1994 and 1999 to meet requirements of the times. Presently, a slew of amendments is under thoughtfulness of the Parliament. Regulations regarding procedures and other ma tters argon prescribed in the Copyright Rules, 1958 as amended from time to time. The Copyright operate extends copyright protection to the following classes of works (a) authorized literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works (b) Cinematograph darts, and c) Sound recording. The definition of literary work in the motivate is an inclusive definition stating specifically that estimator curriculums, tables and compilations including computer databases ar literary works. Artistic works include architecture but the copyright subsists only in the artistic character and design and non in the wait on or methods of construction. Copyright will not subsist in both design registered under the Designs Act or an article to which the design has been applied is reproduced more than than l times by an industrial process.There shall be no copyright in a cinematograph film if a substantial part of the film is an infringement of copyright in each work. Similarly, if a sound recording c ontains infringing work, then it will not have each copyright. The law makes it too elapse that that the separate copyright in any(prenominal) work corporate in a cinematograph film or sound recording is not affected by the copyright in the cinematograph film or the sound recording. The following rights accrue to the owners of copyright reproduction, issuing of copies, communication to the universe, translation, and adaptation.Similar rights argon also available for translations and adaptations. For computer programmes, sale and commercial rental rights have also been provided. In the representative of original artistic works, the author is eligible for a sh atomic number 18 of the resale proceeds also. The Indian law also provides for special rights to claim authorship of the work and to restrain or claim damages in respect of any distortion, mutilation, modification or such other acts on the work. The duration of copyright in India is life plus sixty geezerhood.However, in case of cinematograph films, sound recordings, photographs, government works, works of public under takings and international organisations, the experimental condition of copyright is sixty years. The Act permits received acts without specific authorization of the copyright owner. These include a fair relations with a literary (not being a computer programme), dramatic, musical or artistic work for the purposes of private use including research, and criticism or review and also for reporting of current events. Such works disregard also be reproduced for judicial proceedings and by legislature secretariats for use by members of a legislature. copy of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works is also permitted by a teacher or pupil in the course of instruction and examination. In the case of a computer programme, fashioning of backup copies by the lawful possessor is permitted. Decompilation and reverse engineering are also permitted under certain circumstances. Performa nce of a literary dramatic, or musical work or the communication to the public of such work or a sound recording in the course of any bona fide religious ceremony or an official ceremony held by the government is also permitted.While copyright accrues without any formality, facility for voluntary alteration is available. The enrolment is make by the Registrar of Copyrights. The registration certificate is prima facie evidence of copyright. There is a copyright Board to appeal against the decisions of the Registrar of Copyrights. A individual can also relinquish his copyright with the Registrar of Copyrights. All acts which are the undivided rights of the owner when done without his permission are infringements. Similarly, importing into India, exhibiting for sale, etc. f infringing copies of a work are also infringements. Civil and criminal procedures are available to the owners in cased of infringement of copyrights. Civil suits can be filed in the district taps of the place w here the owner is ordinarily resident or where his business is. Damages and accounts can be claimed in civil suits. Indian courts have now started imposing punitive damages also. All acts of infringement are criminal offences. Mandatory minimum punishments of six months imprisonment and Rs. 0,000 fine for the first offence and double that which can go upto three years imprisonment and Rs. 200,000 fine are prescribed in the Act. Knowing use of an infringing copy of a computer programme is an offence. Police have powers to seize infringing copies of copyrighted works and the machinery and equipment used for such infringement without a warrant. The Indian Act also provides for compulsory licenses in certain circumstances such as non-republication and non-permission for translation after certain number of years. For administering the copyrights, the Act provides for copyright societies.There are separate societies for performing rights, sound recordings, cinematograph films and reprogr aphy rights. The Copyright Act has also provisions for extending copyright to foreign works. This is done through a special notification. At present citizens of all countries who are members of the Berne coalescence or the World Trade Organisation recrudesce copyright for their works in India. Related Rights Related Rights are also governed by the Copyright Act. The cardinal categories of related rights provided are for broadcasters and performers. Broadcasters et the broadcast reproduction right which entails that no psyche shall re-broadcast or parkway the broadcast to be heard or seen by the public on payment of any charges, make any sound or visual recording of the broadcast, or sells or rents to the public any recording without licence from the broadcaster concerned. These rights last for twenty-five years. Performers get performers right over their performance which means no one can make a sound or visual recording of his performance, or reproduce any such recording or br oadcast such recording without the performers permission. This right lasts for fifty years.Both broadcasters and performers rights extend to the consequence of copies of sound or visual recordings made without permission. There are exceptions to the enjoyment of the related rights on the lines of exceptions for copyright. Civil and criminal remedies are available for infringement of the related rights, again on similar lines as for copyright infringement. Patents History of sheer protection in India also goes back to the late nineteenth century. The first Patent Act was that of the year 1856. This law gave certain exclusive privileges to inventors for a period of 14 years. The Act was replaced by another Act in 1859.This was patterned after the British Act of 1852. Later, the Protection of Inventions Act was passed in the year 1883. The Inventions and Designs Act of 1888 replaced all the existing Acts in these two areas. Subsequently the Patents and Designs Act of 1911 replaced al l the previous Acts. This Act really established a system for proper administration of the Act by appointing restraint of Patents. Later the Patents Act 1970 was enacted on 20th April 1972. This Act was amended in 1999, 2002 and 2005 with a view to making it compatible with the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement and is now fully TRIPS compatible.Prior to 2005 amendment, products in the field of pharmaceuticals and food items were not patentable. New Patent Rules were notified in 2003. Patents are available for all new inventions, both products and processes in all fields of engine room which satisfy the patentability criteria, that is, novelty, inventiveness and industrial use. The Act defines invention as a new product or process involving an inventive step and capable of industrial coating and further defines new invention as any invention or technology which has not been anticipated by publication in any document or sed in the country or elsewhere in the world before the date of filing of patent application with complete specification, i. e. , the landing field matter has not fallen in public domain or that it does not form part of the state of the art. The Indian Act provides an elaborate come of what are not patentable inventions. These, inter alia, include frivolous inventions or inventions which claim anything obviously contrary to well established natural laws or which are meant chiefly for use which could be contrary to public order or morality or which cause prejudice to human, animal or plant life or health or to the environment.Mathematical or business methods or a computer programme per se is also not patentable. Methods of treatment of humans, animals or of gardening or horticulture are also not patentable. Traditional knowledge, literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, topographies of integrated circuits, presentation of information, a mere scheme or regularise or method of performing mental act or method of playing games and plan ts and animals in whole or in any part thus are certain other non-patentable items. However, microorganisms are patentable.While submitting an application for patent, the applicant has to clearly indicate the source from which the biological material from India has been obtained and also that the necessary permission from the competent authority will be submitted. Such permission is to be obtained from the home(a) Biodiversity Authority. A patent provides the exclusive right to the patentee to prevent third parties, who do not have his consent, from the act of making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing the patented product or process.The Indian Patent Act makes it clear that patents are granted to encourage inventions and to secure that the inventions are worked in India on a commercial scale and not merely to enable the patentee to enjoy a monopoly for the importation of the patented article. With a view to keep a balance of the rights of owners and public interest, the Act also provides for compulsory licences in certain circumstances such as an epidemic or for government use. Provisions also exist for granting compulsory licence in cases of application from countries that do not have adequate manufacturing capacity.However, so far no compulsory licence has been granted in India. Patent is granted on application to and after examination by the Patent means. The application can be made by the true and first inventor of the invention or by any assignee or by the legal articulation of any deceased person who was the true and first inventor or his assignee. As per the Act, the first person to apply gets the patent, if other conditions are satisfied. Provisional application can be made. However, in such case the complete application should be made within one year of the date of the provisional application.Ordinarily, patent applications are published in the Patent Journal 18 months after receipt of the application. However, in case the applicant applies for early publication, it will be done. by and by publication, the applicant or any third party can request for examination of the same. Decisions of the Controller of Patents are appealable to the Intellectual Property Appellate Board. Pre-grant internal representation against grant of a patent can be made upto six months from the date of publication. Opposition can also be made after grant of a patent. The grounds for opposing a patent clearly enunciated in the Patents Act.These mostly pertain to the patentability criteria and the non-patentable subject matter specified in the Act itself. The term of a patent is 20 years from the date of application or priority date, whichever is earlier, subject to annual renewal. In case of infringement of a patent right, civil action can be initiated by the patentee. Designs Industrial design protection in India can be traced back to the Patterns and Designs Protection Act, 1872. This was later incorporated in the Patents and Designs Act, 1888 which was later replaced by the Patents and Designs Act, 1911.So far as designs were concerned, this law remained in force till 11th May 2001, when the Designs Act 2000, along with the Designs Rules 2001, was brought into force. As per the Design Act, protection is extended to all registered designs. The definition of design makes it clear that only the features of shape, configuration, pattern, ornament or composition of lines or colours applied to any article by an industrial process or means, which in the finished article appeal to and are solely judged by eye are registrable. It does not include any mode or principle of construction or anything which is in substance a mere mechanical device.Nor does it include trade marks or artistic works which are protected under copyright. Both two dimensional and three dimensional articles are protectable. In order to get registration, the design must be original or novel. Original includes designs which though old in themselves y et are new in their application. A design which has been disclosed to the public anywhere in India or in any other country by publication in tangible form or by use or in any other way prior to the date of filing date or the priority date are not eligible for registration.Similarly designs which is not significantly distinguishable from known designs or combination of known designs or which comprises or contains scandalous or detestable matter are also not eligible registration. A design may be registered in more than one class. Registration of design is to be done in the Design Office at Kolkata, but application can be submitted in any one of the Patent agencys at Chennai, Delhi or Mumbai. Appeals against the decisions of the Controller of Designs are to be made in a High Court.When a design is registered, the registered proprietor of the design gets copyright on that design for a period of ten years. The registration can be renewed once only for five years. Registration of a desi gn makes it illegal for any person to apply or use the design on any article for sale or import of an article on which the design has been applied, without the licence of the registered proprietor. The punishment for piracy of design is payment of a sum not exceeding Rs. 25,000 to the registered proprietor and damages. Civil proceedings are to be instituted in a court not below that of a District Court.Design copyrights can be assigned or licensed. Trade marks The history of trade mark protection in India can be traced back to the Indian Merchandise Marks, Act 1889. Like similar legislations in the field of intellectual property rights, this was based on a British statute, in this case, the U. K. Merchandise Marks Act, 1887. A proper trade mark law was introduced with the enactment of the Trade Marks Act, 1940. This was later repealed when the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 was brought into force on 25th November 1959.This Act consolidated the provisions of the 1889 Merchandi se Marks Act and the 1940 Trade Marks Act. The present Act is the Trade marks Act 1999 which was enacted keeping in view the obligations under the TRIPS Agreement. This Act, along with the Trade Marks Rules, 2002, was brought into force from 15 September 2003. As per the Trade Marks Act, for registration, a trade mark should be capable of being represented graphically and also of distinguishing the goods and services of one person from those of others and may include shape of goods, their packaging and ombination of colours. The Act provides for registration of certification trade marks and collective trade marks. Registration can be made in any one or more classes prescribed in the Rules. India follows the Nice classification of goods and services. India also recognises the concept of well known trade marks. A Trade Marks Registry with headquarters at Mumbai with branches at Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai and Ahmedabad exists for registration of trade marks.Application is to be submitted at the appropriate office depending on which part of the country the registered office of the applicant is situated. Marks which are devoid of any distinctive character or which may serve to designate the kind, quality, quantity, intended purpose, values, geographic origin or the time of production of the goods or rendering of the service or other characteristics of the goods or services, or which have become customary in the current wrangle or in the bona fide and established practices of the trade will be refused registration.Further, marks which are of such nature as to deceive the public or cause confusion, or which contains or comprises of any matter likely to hurt the religious susceptibilities of any class or section of the citizens of India, or which comprises or contains scandalous or obscene matter or which are national emblems or names will also not be registered. In addition a mark consisting exclusively of shape of goods which results from the nature of the goods the mselves or the shape of goods which is necessary to obtain technical result or the shape which gives substantial value to the goods will also be refused registration.The registration is done after due examination and comparison with existing registered trade marks and after publication. Aggrieved persons can represent to the Registrar of Trade Marks before registration. The decisions of the Registrar of Trade Marks are appealable to the Intellectual Property appellate Board. Registration of a trade mark is validated for ten years, but it can be renewed from time to time. Registration gives the exclusive right to use that trade mark on the specific classes of goods or services to the registered proprietor.Use of a registered trade mark by an unauthorised person is infringement of the rights in that trade mark. Civil and criminal remedies akin to those of copyrights are available to the owners of the trade mark. In the case of trade mark, prior use claim is recognised by the Indian l aw. However, in the case of an unregistered trade mark, the court action will be for passing off the goodwill under the common law of torts. Geographical Indications India enacted a sui generis legislation for the protection of geographic extensions through a registration process in fulfilment of its obligations under the TRIPS Agreement.The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, along with the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Rules, 2002, was brought into force on 15th September 2003. The Act provides for registration of geographical indication of agricultural, natural or manufactured goods which identifies such goods as originating or manufactured in the territory of a country or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of such goods is essentially attributable to its geographical origin.Through an explanation, the Act clarifies that any name which is not t he name of country, region or locality of that country shall also be considered as the geographical indication if it relates to a specific geographical area and is used upon or in relation to particular goods originating from that country region or locality , as the case may be. The application for registration of a geographical indication is to be made to the Registrar of Geographical Indication.Any association or persons or producers or any organisation or authority established by or under any law for the time being in force representing the interests of the producers of the goods concerned, can apply for registration. The application will be examined, if necessary in consultation with a consultation group consisting of experts, and the accepted applications are advertised in the Geographical Indications Journal inviting objections if any. Opposition has to be filed within three months. The objections will be examined through a quasi judicial process and depending on the outcome, a geographical indication is registered or not.Decisions of the Registrar of Geographical Indication are appealable to the Intellectual Property Appellate Board. The registration of a geographical indication is for a period of ten years but is renewable from to time without any limit. The Act also provides for registration of the authorised drug users of the goods in question. These registrations are also for ten year periods. Registration confers on the authorised user the exclusive right to the use of the geographical indication in relation to the goods in respect of which the geographical indication is registered.Any unauthorised use is an infringement. No infringement action can be taken against an unregistered geographical indication. The registered proprietor and authorised user can initiate the action for getting relief against infringement . The Government can notify the goods which are entitled for higher level of protection as per the TRIPS Agreement. Civil and criminal remedies, on the lines of such remedies for trade mark infringement are available for geographical indication infringements. Geographical Indication rights are not assignable.However, legal heirs, who produce or manufacture the goods in question as per the requirements, can inherit the rights. semiconducting material Integrated Circuits Layout-Designs The Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Act, 2000 was enacted by India in pursuance of its obligations under the TRIPS Agreement. The Act, along with, the Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Rules 2001 was brought into force partially on 1st May 2004. The Act provides for registration of layout designs of semiconductor integrated circuits.A layout-design which is not original or which has been commercially exploited anywhere in India or in a convention country, or which is not inherently distinctive or which is not inherently capable of being distinguishable from any other registered layout-design will not be r egistered. Any person claiming to be the antecedent of a layout-design can apply to the Registrar of Layout-Designs for registration. Accepted applications will be advertised and any person can file opposition to the registration within three months of the advertisement.Thereafter, after due quasi judicial proceedings only the application is registered. Decisions of the Registrar of LayoutDesign are appealable to the Layout-Design Appellate Board. Registration of a layout-design is valid for ten years from the date of filing or from the date of first commercial exploitation anywhere in any country whichever is earlier. The Act also provides for registration of authorised users. However, the authorised users do not have the right of assignment but only of use of the layout=design.Registration grants to the registered proprietor the exclusive right to the use of the layout-design and to obtain relief in respect of infringement. Infringement of layout-design occurs when any person not being the registered proprietor or a registered user thereof, does any act of reproducing, whether by incorporating in a semiconductor integrated circuit or otherwise, a registered design in its entirety or any part thereof. Infringements of the rights of a registered proprietor or authorised user are infringements which are punishable offences.The quantum of penalties and punishments are similar to those of trade marks. Protection of Plant Varieties In order to provide for the establishment of an effective system for protection of plant varieties, the rights of farmers and plant breeders and to encourage the development of new varieties of plants, the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act,2001 was enacted. The Act provides for registration of any new manakin of plant which is novel, distinctive, uniform and stable. Extant varieties can also be registered subject to certain conditions.Applications for registration can be made by plant breeders or their assignees. Re gistration confers an exclusive right on the breeder or his successor, his agent or licensee, to produce, sell, market, distribute, import or export the variety. However, researchers are free to use the variety for conducting experiment or research. Any person is also free to use the variety as an initial source of variety for the purpose of creating other varieties. A farmer who has bred or developed a new variety is also entitled for registration and other protection in like manner as a breeder of a variety under the Act.Registration of a new plant variety is valid for 18 years from the date of registration in case of trees and vines and for fifteen years in other cases. Registration of an extant variety is valid for fifteen years only. Civil suit can be filed against infringers of the rights conferred by registration in district courts. Courts can grant relief such as injunction and at the option of the plaintiff, either damages or a share of the profits. False application of th e denomination of a registered variety is an offence.First time such offences are punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than three months but which may extend to two years, or with fine which shall not be less than Rs. 50,000 but which may extend to Rs. 500,000. A person who has already been convicted of an offence under the Act is punishable for second and for every incidental offence with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than one year but which may extend to three years or with fine which shall not be less than Rs. 00,000 but which may extend to Rs. 2,000,000. Protection of Biological Diversity and Associated Traditional Knowledge In pursuance to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, India enacted the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 with the objective of conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the work of genetic resources. The Act, along with the Biological Diversity Rules, 2004, was brought into force fully on 1st July 2004.The Act contains detailed procedures and guidelines for accessing biological diversity and associated traditional knowledge occurring in India, including about Prior Informed Consent for Access and Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing Agreements. The Act provides for prior approval of the National Biodiversity Authority for making any application for any intellectual property right, in or outside India, for any invention based on any research or information on a biological resource obtained from India.The National Biodiversity Authority may, while granting the approval, impose benefit sharing fee or royalty or both or impose conditions including the sharing of financial benefits arising out of the commercial utilisation of such rights. Further, all foreign nationals, non-resident Indians and firms, associations and organisations with non-Indian participation require approval of the National Biological Diversity Board for accessing biological resources or knowledge associated thereto for research or for commercial utilisation.For transfer of biological resource and associated knowledge also prior permission of the National Biodiversity Authority is required. The benefit sharing arrangements, inter alia, include grant of joint ownership of the intellectual property rights to the National Biodiversity Authority, or where benefit claimers are identified, to such benefit claimers. Intellectual Property Administration In India, the intellectual property laws are administered by divergent Departments of the Central Government. The table below presents the departments which handle various intellectual property laws. Law DepartmentCopyright Act Higher Education Patents Act Industrial Policy & procession Designs Act Industrial Policy & progress Trade Marks Act Industrial Policy & Promotion Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act Industrial Policy & Promotion Semiconductor Integrated circuits Layout-Design Act Information Technology Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act Agriculture and Cooperation Biological Diversity Act Environment and Forests Consequently, the administrative roundabout ups for the different Intellectual Property laws are also different.The Copyright Act is administered by the Copyright Registry at New Delhi. It is headed by the Registrar of Copyrights who is assisted by Deputy Registrars of Copyrights. A copyright Board exists for hearing appeals against the decisions of the Registrar of Copyright. The Patents Act, Designs Act, Trade Marks Act and the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act are administered by the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks (CGPDTM), Mumbai. Under the Controller General are the Patents Office, the Design Wing, the Trade Marks Registry and the Geographical Indications Registry.The headquarters of the Patent Offi ce is at Kolkata and there are branch offices at Chennai, New Delhi and Mumbai. The headquarters of the Trade Marks Registry is at Mumbai. It has branch offices at Ahmedabad, Chennai, Kolkata and New Delhi. The Design Wing of the Patent Office is at Kolkata. The Geographical Indications Registry is at Chennai. The Controller General is assisted by different levels of Controllers of Patents and Designs and Examiners in the patents and designs office and different levels of Registrars and Examiners in the trade mark and geographical indications registries.The Intellectual Property Appellate Board hears the appeals against the decisions of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks. The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act is administered by the Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Authority headed by a Chairperson and consisting of fifteen Members. A Plant Varieties Registry headed by a Registrar General of Plant Varieties has been set up under the Author ity to register the plant varieties. Decisions of the Authority or the Registrar can be appealed to the Plant Varieties Protection Appellate Tribunal.The Registrar of Semiconductor Integrated Circuits layout-Design administers the Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Act. Appeals against the decisions of the Registrar can be preferred at the Layout-Design Appellate Board. The National Biodiversity Authority in Chennai administers the Biological Diversity Act and Rules. Under the Authority, State Biodiversity Boards and at local body level Biodiversity Management Committees exist. Membership of International Treaties and Conventions on Intellectual Property India is a member of all major international treaties and Conventions on Intellectual Property.These include the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property, Convention on B iological Diversity, Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure, capital of Kenya Treaty on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol, Patent Cooperation Treaty, Phonograms Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms, WIPO Convention and Universal Copyright Convention. - 2 . Section 3(l) of the Patents Act, 1970.

An Analysis of Movies Armageddon

Among the movies that were released and made it big at the box-office in 1998 were the Armageddon and Saving Private Ryan. Although the first is a science-fiction and the second is a contend movie, making their presentation of the put on of exposure technology different, both photos ar pictures of totally predictable elements loud noises and frequent explosions. The two movies both presented date scenes against the angular in Armageddon sequence it is a battle among soldiers in Saving Private Ryan. Best remembered from the two holds were the elements of sparks, noise, vibrations, shouting, running, screaming, fighting, fire, tremors, crashes and collisions. The difference in their cinematography and editing aspects depicted the use of their own film techniques and technology.Saving Private Ryan has Tom Hanks and Matt Damon as the main actors. The Steven Spielberg war film told about the character of James Ryan (Damon), who has parachuted into France during the Allied invas ion of Europe, has average lost three brformer(a)s in combat. Government policy dictates that he should return home lest his family be deprived of its entire male offspring. A team of soldiers, light-emitting diode by Captain John Miller (Hanks) and fresh from the beaches of Normandy, is assembled to find and save Private Ryan.The use of film techniques was manifested with the way how Spielberg and his crew recreated the arrival of Allied forces at Omaha Beach on June 6, 1944, by using water-level and then ground-level handheld cameras during a 24-minute sequence of especially graphic carnage. McKenzie noted the use of seamless SFX and advanced film-making techniques, the terrors of battle massacre be splattered onscreen. The viewing public find themselves totally absorbed in the war horror, with the dizzying and expert use of a variety of techniques, including handheld cameras, the speeding up of the oft unrelated images, frantic editing, and varying film stock. Spielbergs gift ed Oscar-winning cinematographer, Janusz Kaminski brought a compelling war-newsreel look to a lot of the images (McKenzie, 2005).Another technique is when the film started off with the title Saving Private Ryan. It started off like this to show the title of the film and show what the film is going to be about. In just about films they show a bit of the film and then show the title. But Spielberg didnt want to do this. This showed the film might be really exciting and evoke to watch. The Saving Private Ryan title was written in white lettering against a black background. The black background symbolizes the people who died in the war while the white lettering symbolizes those soldiers who fought in the war and emerged as winners.Cinematographer Kaminski employed many different techniques during filming to set the mood of a given scene. During the opening sequence, for example, the film is overexposed a bit to give a sense of a documentary-like feel to the scenes. The camera work is often hand held and jerky too, heightening the sense of realness during the scene. But the disc handles all this easily and is a testament to the work being done by the folks over at DreamWorks.Saving Private Ryan is zero but a demonstration of cinematographic skills in a totally inappropriate context. Why does film documentary style, with a shoulder-held camera to capture the chaos, yet so formally stage the scenes and with bodies perfectly falling into full frame, dying perfect deaths? This is because everything onscreen told the audience what came first in the making of the movie more than the war, its aesthetics possibilities.In Schlossers review, Spielberg and his skilled band of technicians studied the photo archives and documentaries very carefully. Then they carefully re-created the settings, the shootings, the sounds and furies. And on the seventh day, they decided to superimpose some silhouettes (Schlosser, 2000).The science-fiction film Armageddon, which top-billed Bruc e Willis and directed by Michael Bay, started when the space shuttle is destroyed in outer space and NASA astronomers discovered that a meteor shower is pelting away at earth and that a huge asteroid, the size of Texas and capable of destroying the planet is headed for a direct hit with the planet. With all options too fantastic to implement before collision, NASA decides to accede the worlds trump out deep core drilling team (oil drillers) to land on the asteroid, drill a hole, drop a nuclear bomb into the hole, then homecoming off and remotely detonate the bomb.For the drill team, they select Harry Stamper (Bruce Willis) and his crew that includes tough guy-softie Bear (Michael Clarke Duncan), brilliant smart-ass Rockhound (Steve Buschemi), A.J. (Ben Affleck) the overeager fianc of his independent daughter (Liv Tyler), and spacy Oscar (Owen Wilson). Its a race against time to get the drillers trained, land them on the asteroid and get the hole drilled before earth is destroyed .Aside from the futuristic aspect of the movie, its other strong points are editing and cinematography. From sweeps around the NASA conference room to quick close-ups, from split-second backgrounds to the simulated, striking aerial view of the double launch, the camera work told the story with stylistic, often frenetic motion.The films use of advance technology saved the script which was the result of the well-shot but terribly clichd montages, many showing Bays hatful of a type of classic America, people listening to news of the coming catastrophe, gathered in a Mayberry-like barber shop or sitting in vintage pickups, near American flags and farmhouses. Another technique evidence is the one shot of a group of boys who even runs past a clapboard remembering sporting a faded campaign mural of JFK.Bay directed this stuff with a sure hand and a lot of slow motion effects. His visuals are actually quite amazing, including the spectacular lift-off of the two shuttles. Side-by-side, the image is from far away, as the spaceships race off, leaving a trail of smoke behind. Bay is a devout director for color pictures, using oranges and yellows effectively. The cinematography is excellent, and the editing is fast-paced. The special effects are top-notch, blowing away anything seen in that other comet film. The opening sequence is one of the best moments in the film, and one shocking moment occurs when a meteor plows into a city and you see it completely wiped out from the top of Notre Dame.The work by dirty SkyVIFX for the opening shot ARMAGEDDON is brilliant. In a single shot, asteroids pummel the earth, creating huge fireballs that envelop the camera, wiping on the films main title graphic. The camera swoops by the earth, bring out the massive destruction of the meteor shower, allowing the audience to fully examine the effect of this disaster. Geological inaccuracies aside, the shot is quite memorable. Explosion elements seem in scale, and the slow camera movement is quite boldall in all, an exciting prelude for things to come.The two films employ the theme of human chip in. For Saving Private Ryan, it was the sacrifice of a team of soldiers for a single human being while Willis sacrifice in Armageddon was in order to save the world and all the people sustenance in it. Although set in different societies a community torn in war and a world face with asteroid, both showed the importance of having to sacrifice and even to be killed just to save either one person or mankind. Saving Private Ryan pictured that in a war-torn society, the soldiers are destined to sacrifice their lives notwithstanding if these are for the sake of only one or many people.Armageddon was also a manifestation of giving up a life but this time to save not only one single human but the whole mankind. The two movies told the lesson of a society of such human beings are worth sacrificing for and that it is only through the value of each and every human being that a soc iety achieves value itself.The audience who care these two films is assumed to be of giving value to human life. Although different in genres, the audiences were moved that the film gave credit not just to the technology and techniques used but more so of the theme and lesson behind the aesthetics of the films.ReferencesMcKenzie, Edward (2005). Saving Private Ryan (World War II Collection) (1998).Schlosser, Eric. (January 2000). On Saving Private Ryan. Bright Lights impression Journal, Issue 27. Retrieved January 11, 2008 from http//www.brightlightsfilm.com/27/savingprivateryan.html

Northern Perspectives

It is prudent at this juncture to define the northern soil as a way of introduction. The northern grease (NT) is much of a organisational grime, which sh ares geographical location with north Australia. This is the main distinctive feature. still there are several differences In terms of the social and heathenish orientation in spite of appearance the geographical region of north Australia.The northern territory exists as a self- political sympathies territory. However the territory derives its right to g all overn from the subject field parliament. This means that the compulsory post is still the national official parliament. If follows that the decision reached at the northern territory legislative assembly is subject to the approval of the federal parliament. This happens to be what separates the self-governing territory of the Northern Territory from the rest of Australia. The political structure in the larger Australia is such that the estates are sovereign and on ly come together under the federal regime.The northern territory self-government act of 1978 gave a new status to the northern territory. In this act the northern territory was granted authority that could servicing it become a self-autonomous entity, usurping a few roles from the commonwealth. A few of responsibilities and duties initially carried out by the common wealth were transferred to the northern territory. A superficial glisten at the territory and comparison with the other states indicates al or so a complete similarity. However, the territory suits a shoulder below the rest in terms of authority and the structure of the government. It leaves more towards being a self-autonomous territory as opposed to the usual states in the common wealth.Although all the states in the common wealth are independent and value sovereignty, the 1978 act to self-given presents the biggest difference betwixt these and the northern territory. The government in northern territory fag end m ake and enforce its own laws, that should the federal government wish to overturn or override it, it can achieve this through the parliament. An example in point is the euthanasia legislation passed by northern treaty but overridden by the national parliament ().In the place of a governor, the northern territory has administrator who wields executives power. He leads with the help of an executive council. The territory too has its representative in the federal legislature comprising of two representatives and two people in the senate.The territory has a legislative assembly consisting of members that are elect to speaker and the member of the executive council or the ministers. The northern territory excessively has local governments and authorities with some full administrative powers in Darwin, the capital city as well as in other large towns, these administrative centers provide essential services to the people ranging from housing to health among others.Northern territories give up a fully-fledged legal system with the Supreme Court as the highest court in the land.There is a chief minister who leads the self-autonomous government while the premier leads the state government. These two are appointed by the administrator who in turn is appointed by the governor-general of Australia.In the national scene, the parliament is made up of the senate and the star sign of representative it deals with matters affecting almost all the states like foreign affair or the issue of protecting the nation as is the case in the coupled States. The territorys representation in these two organs is a bit lower to make up for special status that it enjoys with an autonomous government.B passage responsibilityThe northern territory government is charged with the responsibility of managing the affairs of the territory save for those that are national in nature like the world heritage areas and national parks located within the territory (Strelein L (2000). This is done to a void conflicts between the two levels of government. Areas that fall within the northern territory government overlap of responsibility include but not limited to education, health, and issues, administrative matters, infrastructure and local government. In entrap to perform these duties the NT government receives funds from the federal government.Relationship with federal governmentIt is clear that the two levels of government are mutually dependent. The federal government looks up to the territorial government to facilitate the implementation of laws and policies. Additionally the federal government expects to receive money remitted by the territorial government in order to reach its own objectives. On the other hand, the territorial government receives funds from the federal government to meet its budgetary obligations. This has for long time been a subject of much debate and controversy not only in the northern territory but also elsewhere in Australia and also in the world.Th e federal government in Australia has to perform a balancing act in order to achieve some kind of equity. Equitable distribution of resources is a thorny issue here. This balance is important for stability of any nation. An example of inequality is between the State of California in the US and the Mississippi between which a huge economical disparity exists. There has existed a general discontent especially from richer states in the way the national government distributes money contributed by these states. atomic number 53 of the important areas of ontogeny that lie within the responsibility of the NT government is cultural reading. Culture is a very important composite of any society. However, in the modern world, rarely would any society share in all aspects of a common culture. accord to Martin C (1995), this is mainly beca aim of the historical backgrounds that are as varied as the trends of the modern lifestyle. It is therefore important to understand the basics of cultural dynamics in the lead any form of cultural development can be contemplated. ethnic development can be defined as the process through which the full electric potential of cultural diversity can be achieved for the common good. Culture is a most valuable symbol of identity and should not be garbled all through assimilation or neglect. Cultural diversity brings out the unusualness of the northern territory community (CUC107 Northern Perspectives. Cultural expansion and change (2007). One of the unique characteristics of the responsibility that the territorial government has in conserving and developing cultural diversity springs from the history of the people of the Northern Territory.The earliest inhabitants of the northern territory were the natural people. These people had and still have a rich culture and customs by which they lived. However, when the European immigrants settled in Australia, they sought to undermine this culture terming it as backwards. They also sought to f orce their own ways, which they opinioned as superior. For many years this opinion has dictated the nature of interaction between the indigenous people and the settlers. It has also influenced public opinion as well as dominant ideologies (Eckerman T. et al 1992).Upon this background, the territorial government must work to alter this perception and opinion that is base against the culture and custom of the aboriginal people as well as the Torres-strait islander people. The long enduring opinion is narrow and ill informed. It is full assumptions and biases that view some cultures and practices as more superior than others. Cultural development begins with the understanding of the uniqueness of the self. It is the responsibility of the Northern Territory government to promote understanding, acceptance use up and most of all harmonious existence among people of different cultural affiliations. The goal should be for the entire population to appreciate other cultures and to nurture kinda than to turn thumbs down diversity. The goal should also be to create a strong sense of belonging through culture where the population is proud of being who they are.Killing cultural diversity is tantamount to killing own individual identity. The study of culture has somehow increased awareness among those who take time to give thought to the science those studies. However the world is still at a point where the western definition of what is superior and what is mediocre is widely embraced. Against this background many cultures have bemused invaluable split that were part of the whole thus becoming diluted (Hunter, E. (1993). This presents the main gainsay to the Northern Territory government in its management and development of culture.The Northern Territory government must work from a seemingly point of weakness because many of the cultural practice and customs have lost so much already which cannot be recovered. Elements of culture such as language have also changed g reatly. The way people talked as well as the content of these talks has changed overtime. Among the indigenous people for instance, folk tales were used to impart knowledge as well as to pass traditions from one generation to next. However folk tales have today found replacement in technology and the consequences are a lost method of passing culture to generations (CUC107 Northern Perspectives. Cultural expansion and change (2007).These are among the challenges that the Northern Territory government faces. Capitalistic ideologies and economic power has placed some countries at a position where they can dictate the direction the rest of the world takes. This includes dominating cultures. The disadvantaged, minorities and marginalized population have little choice but to tow the line appropriately (Alder, C. 1999). Economic development in the Northern Territory, which ironically must be encouraged, can only serve to diminish any gains on the cultural diversity front. This is a challen ge to the Northern Territory government cultural development plans. It is easy to see here that the sacrifices that must be made are economic prosperity or the conservation of culture. With the world being the way it is today the Northern Territory government is hard pressed to make a decision to promote economic prosperity at the expense of culture.The Northern Territory government can however produce a win-win situation, by embracing innovative thinking to warrant sustainable development both economically and culturally.It is unfortunate that despite the fact that an hazard clearly exists in the northern territory to develop ways of achieving sustainable cultural development, not much good seems be coming out of the processes. This can be attributed to the fact that the focus of the main stakeholders is wrong. The Northern Territory government has loudly cited scarcity of funds as the main obstacle in achievement of sustainable cultural development.This has denied these stakehol ders from seeing the other methods and avenues open to them to exploit the opportunity (Ames, R et al 1989). The Northern Territory government has tried to develop a framework upon which to build its plans. One has been the concernment of women and the aboriginal people in decision-making process. Their representation has however not always adequate which has worked against this plan.The NT government has also sought to promote culture by supporting cultural activities like road shows and festivals especially in Darwin. These attractions have served to instance some of the diverse cultures that exist in Northern Territory. The events are increasingly becoming popular though at a very slow pace.The budget for cultural development has also been increasing steadily over the past few years (Christie, M. 2000).While the efforts of the NT government to involve the local communities especially the aboriginal and Torres-strait islander people together with women and other minority groups are laudable. This paper suggests that more can be done in order to speed up the process and consolidate gains achieved so far. Wide consultations have a way of fostering ownership. It is therefore important that the NT government seek to improve participation of the local communities in decision-making.Representation should be increased in the decision-making organ. Additionally, in order to increase coercion the NT government should develop a holistic approach that includes educating the people at all levels of the society to appreciate their cultures as well as other cultures within this society. This can be done officially in small community groups as well as through other contemporary media.Another laudable gesture that should be developed further is use of cultural events and festivals. Cultural events have succeeded elsewhere as tourist attraction and consequently served to preserve the practice. In Spain bullfighting is a cultural even that is unique to this part of the wo rld. It has gained a cult like following and has also been used as a tourist attraction. In Brazil, street carnival where people showcase there cultural dances such as samba have also become an eye catching event that is widely accepted all over the world. Similarly events could be organized regularly to showcase the NT diverse cultures.The Northern Territory should also explore the use of cultural ambassadors in other parts of Australia and the world in order to advertise the culture and to promote cultural tourism.ConclusionWhile plans are underway to confer full powers of statehood in the Northern Territory, the territorial government must increase ensure sustainable development in all areas of development. It is the responsibility of the Northern Territory government to promote understanding, acceptance interest and most of all harmonious existence among people of different cultural affiliations. The goal should be for the entire population to appreciate other cultures and to nu rture rather than to kill diversity. Cultural diversity must never be sacrificed in the altar of economic development.ReferencesAlder C (1999) The Aboriginal art market challenges to authenticity, on-line athttp//www.aboriginalartonline.com/resources/articles6.php, (Accessed 3/2/05)Ames, R. Don Axford, Peter J. Usher, Ed Weick, George Wenzel, and John Merritt. (1989)Keeping on the land A study of the feasibility of a comprehensive wildlife harvestsupport programme in the northwestward Territories. Ottawa ON Canadian Arctic ResourcesCommittee.Christie M 2000 Greek Migration to Darwin, Australia, 1914-1921 Journal of NorthernTerritory History, 71, pp 1 -14.Eckerman T. Dowd, M. Martin, L, Nixon R. Gray E. Chong, Binan Goonj (1992). BudgingCultures In Aboriginal Health, . Armidale NSW Printery, University Of England.. 23-58.Hunter, E. (1993). Aboriginal Health and History. Power and prepossession in remoteAustralia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne.38Strelein L (2000) Aboriginal land rights in Australia, Native Title Research Unit, AustralianInstitute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra.

Operation Strategy

OPERATIONS scheme scheme The in no.ation of Strategy The word dodging is derived from the Greek term strategos (plural strategoi Greek , , literally signifi gitce army leader) is utilize in Greek to mean general. However, the term is also used to describe a military goer no which command, plan and conduct of a war.When strategy applied to line of work wars, the strategy refers to the establishment of objectives, the setting of stress, and the phylogeny and implementation of plans, with the remnant (in place of military victory) of achieving mastery over ones adversaries according to Andrews (1971), Ghemawat (2002) and Porter (1980). In order to puzzle the desired warlike impact, a strategy has to operate over an extended time horizon and embrace a full spectrum of activities, ranging from resource allocation formes to day-to-day trading trading operations.It must integrate decisions usurping these different sets of activities into a coherent pattern, twain over ti me and across groups that a lot compete for the same resources. An effective strategy also usually involves concentrating a lodges efforts and resources on a limited range of directions. Focusing resources on authorized directions reduces obtainable for differents, nonethe little, so a coherent strategy usually required that a company imbibe trade-offs among various commanded outcomes.TYPE OF STRATEGY The word strategy is used in many an(prenominal) contexts that is useful to come in and contrast three different typecasts of management-related strategies. At the highest take aim, corporate strategy identifies the industries and markets in which a company pull up stakes operate. Corporate strategists make decisions that implement these choices, including investment in and divestment of handicraftes together with allocation of resources among existing billetes. transmission line strategy, the second level of company strategy, is focused at the level of the various(pren ominal) melody or business whole at heart the company, and is doctored with where the business positions itself indoors a particular industry or market as rise as with how and with what capabilities the business testament win guests, cooperatively and in competition with some other parties in its industries.In other word, the business strategy is also concerned with strategic business units (SBUs) as separately SBU might have its own business strategy, which specifies (1) the scope of that business and its relation to the corporation as a whole, and (2) how it proposes to position itself within its particular industry to achieve matched advantage in various ways according to convert et al (1988). To be effective, elaborated further from Porter (1980), this advantage must meet essential customer needs, take into account competitors strengths and weaknesses, and be sustainable given the SBUs capabilities.Empirical evidence from a study over 100 companies by Sterman (2000) found that those companies that engaged in system level thinking about their business strategies significantly outper skeletal systemed those that focused at the harvesting level. To be some(prenominal) specific, Hax and Wilde 2001 differentiated three run acrosss a company might consider in exploitation a strategy. For IBM4710 swallow up OM Chayakrit Asvathitanont, Ph. D. 1. Best Product- this view emerges from the classic competitive strategy.It focuses on competing by positioning the companys harvest-feasts or serve wells as low price, having a unique set of features, or targeting a focused or niche segment in the market. 2. marrow Customer Solution- the customer is at the center and the earliest to satisfy. It argues that very good considering of customer and developing close relationships with those customers to nominate them in creating their own economic value.Company competing with this view will focus on ply chain of mountainss to response to provide family of mathematical ingatherings or religious service that closely match customer requirement. 3. administration Lock-In- this view comprehends the enterprise, the customers, the suppliers, and the most chief(prenominal) those company whose harvest-tide and run enhance the strategy-making companys own return and service portfolio. The key to success in this view is to identify, attract and nurture those companies whose outputs and services atomic number 18 complementary, attractive them in a collective effort to please the customer.In this study, companies engaged in system lock-in far outperformed those employing entireness customer solutions or best product strategies on both securities industry Value Added (MVA) and Market-to-Book Value (MBV) as in Exhibit 1 Exhibit 1 Relative Performance of Three Positioning Strategies Strategy Best Product Total customer solutions System lock-in Number of companies in the study Relative Market Value Added Performance Relative Market-to-B ook Value Performance 74 67 16 1. 0 1. 6 4. 0 1. 0 1. 2 2. 0 Source Hax and Wilde, The Delta Project Discovering sore Sources of Profitability in a Ne bothrk Economy, Pelgrave, 2001.Thus, to develop business strategy, the company must think about its positioning not altogether to its competitors but also its customers, suppliers and potential complementary product or service pissrs. Understanding the system-level view, the company will be able to provide better solutions from integrating of value chain with attention to company produce the products or services that complement its products and services or any other solutions. However, the understanding customer is much than unfavorable to strategy breeding and execution.Hayes and Wheelwright (1984) and Fine and Hax (1985) had proposed five dimensions to use as the framework which ar make up, quality, handiness, Features/ innovativeness and environmental/ mathematical operation. greet The cost has been defined as the cos t of the product or service to the customer. Cost this accommodates not only procure price of the product or service, but the cost of ownership as well. The aspects of cost to customer will be vary on the industry or category of the product such as the cost customer consumer product will be only on its marketing price.While industrial product, like machine and equipment, will be more likely For IBM4710 Inter OM Chayakrit Asvathitanont, Ph. D. to extend its concern on installation, maintain and others cost related not only to the equipment alone. Quality The graphic symbol defined by Garvin (1988) and King (1987) is broken down into two aspects, the existent and intangible. The tangible aspects of quality include the aesthetics of the product, or out vest of the service, how reliable it is over period of time, whether or not it is safe, and how convenience to fix and etc.While the intangible aspects include the competence, courtesy, and credibility of the people involved in the process, as well as the stratum to which those people understand the customers needs and communicate well with the customers. They also include assessments of the environment surrounding the purchase process or service, including considerations such as accessibility and security. In addition, to examine the quality, it may be important to differentiate assessments of the actual quality delivered from the quality perceived by the customer. availability The availability dimension is increasingly important and demanding by customers. Availability requirements clearly vary by business. Grocery store customers expect products to be available on the shelf when they go shopping. An out-of-stock item is a lost of sale for a particular place or product and also may be lost of sale for the store itself. Airlines buying airplanes, on the other end of the spectrum, do not expect to buy their products off the shelf, but they do expect saving when promised.Plans are made months ahead, or in several(prenominal)(prenominal) cases years ahead, of projected delivery to put the impertinently aircraft into service immediately upon delivery, possibly retiring and replacing another aircraft. Late deliveries can manage great disruption to an airlines entire schedule. Availability applies to novel product introductions as well. most industries such as consumer electronics focus on fast time-to-market for new products. Others have longer product teaching and introduction cycles but must delivery new products when promised. Moreover, availability refers to the configuration of the products a company furnishs.There is a wide range of ways in which companies offer customized products or services to their customers. Hence, availability describes the sozzleds ability to deliver the variety of products or services its customers want when they want them. Features and Innovativeness The inherent characteristics of the product or service is Features such as the featured services from the first or business class fares on full service airlines like Japan Airline, Thai Airways or less featured services, such as passage on Southwest Airlines, and Airasias no frills flight.Innovativeness is closely related to features due to the fact that in advance(p) technologies are true to be new featured of the product. For instance, spheric positioning systems (GPS), as innovative engineering, is planning with hi-end car and represent as additional feature. environmental Performance It may apply to the product (or tangible output of a service) itself, or to the process by which that product was made or service delivered. Environmental management systems, for example, focus on processes and aim to reduce For IBM4710 Inter OM Chayakrit Asvathitanont, Ph. D. the environmental impact (e. . hazardous turn back generation) of the processes used to make the products or deliver the services. ISO 14000 and the European Eco- caution & Audit Scheme (EMAS, www. quality. co. uk/e mas. htm) are but two of several frame industrial plant for companies to follow to improve environmental performance. The third level is composed of the available strategies that support the type of competitive advantage to be pursued. A typical functional strategy is the sets of decisions made in each of the functional areas of an organization that stop how it will use in the overall business strategy of the company.Research and development managers make decisions about applied science use, engineering resource allocation, product development process, research and development skills and organization, product prototyping and testing approaches, and involvement of customers in product development. Marketing managers make decisions about product and service positioning, announce and promotion, and customer relationship management. Finance and Accounting managers make decisions about sources of funds, resource allocation, and currency hedging.The decisions make in these various fun ctions make up the overall business strategy of the organization. Synergistic decision making among the functional support of an overall business strategy and leverage cross-functional capabilities to create and support business strategy direction is allowing the company to be successful. Beckman and Rosenfield (2008) have integrated these strategy into framework illustrated in Exhibit X. X. Each individual functional area may develop its own capabilities that in turn serve business strategy, or the functional areas may work in concert with another to create overarching capabilities. personal line of credit strategy is best supported, when the activities undertaken by the functional areas and/or the capabilities they develop complement one another and work together to achieve the goal of business (Fine and Hax 1985). They refer to this requirement as crossfunctional integration or fit. OPERATIONS STRATEGY An operations strategy is a set of goals, policies, and self-imposed restricti ons that together describe how the organization proposes to direct and develop all the resources invested in operations so as to best fulfill (and possibly redefine) its mission (Hayes et al 1998).In the case of business organization, the mission usually is expressed terms of survival, profitability, and growth, and is pursued by trying to differentiate itself from its competitors in some desirable way. A companys operation strategy, whence, has to begin by specifying how it proposes to support that chosen form of competitive differentiation. By integrating resources invested in the operations function into a cohesive, purposeful whole, such a strategy can enable operations to become a powerful source of competitive advantage. For IBM4710 Inter OM Chayakrit Asvathitanont, Ph.D. trading operations Strategy Goal As described earlier, five dimensions of customer requirements which are cost, quality, availability, feature/innovativeness, and environmental performance has been mapped w ith operations performance measures by Fine and Hax (1985). In each case, operations can affect some, but not all, of the companys performance along that dimension. Cost trading operations directly affects the cost of the product or service and thus its purchase price (assuming that products are priced to achieve some profit) finished its direct or indirect control of the put up chain.It can also affect the products cost of ownership by joint efforts with engineering (research and development) and/or marketing in the design of the product or service. Quality Operations also directly controls the quality of the product or service, again through its direct or indirect control of the supply chain. This is often thought of as a compliance to specifications task as operations contacts to have all products and services delivered meet the specification set off by the developers on behalf of the customers.Operations can also influence the design of a product or service so that it can be produced or delivered with higher quality. It does so, again, in joint efforts with research and development and marketing. Availability Operations is primarily responsible for the availability of products or services already in the market and often determines make-to-order versus make-to-stock strategies. Operations flexibility and process knowledge are critical in determining both the variety of features and the availability an organization can offer.The ability of operations to control the supply chain and the timeliness with which products or services can be delivered directly affects availability. The determination of how much flexibility operations can offer is a joint decision with marketing and research and development. Features/Innovativeness Generally, features are the purview of the marketing and research and development organizations, although the operations function is influential in determining the range of products, services, or features the plastered will be abl e to provide based on its won ability to deliver them. cognitive process knowledge and innovation are key to the organizations ability to customize output to specific customer needs, to embed new innovations, and to allow research and development to create novel products and services. For IBM4710 Inter OM Chayakrit Asvathitanont, Ph. D. Exhibit 2 Business and Operations Strategy Performance Dimensions Dimension Cost Customer Concerns Purchase price Cost of ownership Operations Influence Costs of Materials Production voice communication Distribution Capital Productivity Inventory turnover blueprint for cost Cost Objectives are measured using labor, materials, and capacity productivity inventory turnover unit cost.Quality of Materials Production Delivery Distribution Design for quality Quality measures include percent defective or rejected, frequency of failure in the field, cost of quality, and mean time amongst failures. Availability Timeliness of delivery of product or service A bility to respond to volume fluctuations Timeliness of new product introductions Delivery performance is measured by percentage of on-time shipments, average delay, expediting response time. tractableness is measured by product mix range, volume, and lead time for new products.Process capability Capabilities for more featured and innovative products and services Process knowledge and ability to extend it Design and development capabilities Measures of process capability assess the types of products or services that can be delivered. Environmental performance Managing environmental performance of suppliers or other partners in the supply chain Managing the environmental performance of inbred production or service delivery operations Environmental performance measures include both emissions measures (water, air, and solid waste) as well as measures of product reuse and recyclability.Quality literal characteristics Aesthetics Reliability, durability, and safety Serviceability Intang ible characteristics Competence, courtesy, understanding, and communication Access and security For purchase Off-the-shell or make-toorder Of new products Rapid cycle or planned evolution Variety of range of products available Degree of customization Availability Features/ innovativeness Inherent characteristics of a product or service Degree of innovation Environmental performanceDegree to which process that produces and delivers the product or service is environmentally sound Degree to which the product or service itself is environmentally sound and reusable or recyclable For IBM4710 Inter OM Chayakrit Asvathitanont, Ph. D. Source Fine and Hax. (1985), Manufacturing Strategy A Methodology and an Illustration, Interfaces 15, no. 6 (November-December) cited in Beckman, Sara L. , Rosenfield, Donald B. (2008). Operations Strategy Competing in the 21st Century, U. S. McGraw-Hill International Edition. Environmental Performance Finally, operations own the environmental erformance of b oth internal and external operations throughout the supply chain. It either works with suppliers to achieve adequate environmental performance in their facilities or works to achieve it in internal Operations or both. Operations may also influence research and development to design products that are more environmentally sound (e. g. , easier to disassemble and recycle). Operations Goals in Practice Researchers have identified many alternative categorizations of these operations performance dimensions over the years (Dangayach and Deshmukh 2001). both(prenominal) identify many categories such as the chase 11 low cost, design flexibility, volume flexibility, quality conformance, product performance, speed of delivery, dependability of deliveries, after sales service, advertising, broad distributions, and broad product line (Miller and Roth 1994). Others summarize the characteristics in fewer categories defined as follows (Spring and Biadeb 1997) Cost produce and distribute product ( or service) at low cost. Quality manufacture or deliver product or service with high quality or performance standards.Delivery dependability meet delivery schedules. Flexibility react to changes in product, changes in product mix, modifications to design, fluctuations in materials, and changes in sequence. Yet others link clusters of operations performance characteristics into stylized business strategies such as those of caretaker, marketer, and innovator (miller and Roth 1994). Some researchers have examined similarities and differences in emphasis on these performance categories by industry, by geography, and over time.One study, for example, found that computer and electronics companies rate high product quality as their most important competitive factor, but computer companies rate innovative features and designs more super than do electronics companies, speckle electronics companies place more emphasis on short lead times than do computer companies (Lau 2002). Others have fo und important differences among various countries or geographies in the emphasis they place on these characteristics. After achieving a high level of quality, for example, Japanese manufacturers turned their focus to time-based competition and innovative products, while the U.S. and Europe continued to rank quality as a critical objective (Kenney and Florida 1993). The Manufacturing Futures Survey, which collected longitudinal data over many years, found that lasting improvements in manufacturing can only be achieved by first building quality, followed by delivery reliability, then flexibility and responsiveness, and then technological leadership. At each For IBM4710 Inter OM Chayakrit Asvathitanont, Ph. D. step of the progression, cost efficiency is pursued for the given capability set, culminating with an overall focus on cost leadership (Roth et al. 989, Miller et al. 1989). Operations Decision Categories Creating an operations strategy essentially entails making a set of decisio ns about the structure and infrastructure of operations (Skinner 1969, Hayes and Wheelwright 1984). Structural decisions deal with the perpendicular integration of the operations, its facilities, capacity, and process technology, whereas infrastructure decisions focus on organizational and human resource policies, sourcing and supply chain management practices, quality management systems, planning and control systems, and information technology. root is developed over time through persistent day-to-day practice, top management commitment, and cross-functional efforts to create capabilities that support and leverage the firms structure. Infrastructure decisions usually deal with less tangible outcomes than do structural decisions, but it is the effective integration and deductive reasoning of structural and infrastructural decisions that create long-term operations excellence (Dangayach and Deshmukh 2001).In making decisions in each of these categories, operations managers strive t o ensure that the decisions are mutually supportive and consistent with one another. Further, they aim to have the collection of decisions support or facilitate the overall business strategy. The decision categories are briefly discussed hereunder. Structural Decisions just Integration. Vertical integration decisions arrange questions about how much of the Value chain a firm should own. Should they own more or less of the value chain reaching back to their suppliers?Should they own more or less of the value chain reaching forward to their customers? Issues considered include cost of the business to be acquired or entered degree of supplier reliability the proprietary or nonproprietary nature of the product or process to be brought in house transaction costs of contracting through market versus non-market mechanisms and impact on risk, product quality, cost structure, and degree of focus. Process Technology. Process technology decisions relate to the firms investment in the technol ogy it uses to transform materials and/or nformation into products and/or services. Evaluation of this investment requires a firm to address several questions Should its process be more labor intensive or more automated? Should it purchase technology or develop it in house, or use some combination there of? Should it be a follower or a leader in process technology investment? How does its process technology investment fit with its product technology development strategy? Capacity Capacity decisions establish how much capacity the firm will carry in order to manage both short-term fluctuations in demand and longer-term growth opportunities.Capacity For IBM4710 Inter OM Chayakrit Asvathitanont, Ph. D. may be added gradually or in large chunks. How should the firm deal with cyclical demand? Different types of capacity may be added at different times. How should the firm use capacity to influence its competitors decisions or actions? Facilities Facilities decisions are often closely rel ated to capacity decisions, as firms may add or close facilities in response to a need for more or less capacity, but are often longer-term.In thinking through its facilities decisions, a firm will answer questions about how many facilities it should have, where they should be located, and what they should do. Facilities issues become even more crucial in a global environment as firms decide whether to locate facilities near the local market to increase share in that market, to access local technologies, to reduce costs, or to leverage local talent. Infrastructural Decisions Sourcing. Sourcing decisions follow closely from vertical integration decisions.Once a firm has decided not to own certain parts of its value chain, it must determine what types of relationships it should have with the entities away(p) the boundaries of the firm. Should the suppliers be managed with the five forces competitive-strategy framework suggested by Porter in this chapter, or with the more cooperative approach modeled by the Japanese keiretsu? Business processes, such as product and service Business Processes and Policies. generation, order fulfillment, and service and support, cut across functional boundaries in an organization and are critical in serving the customer.Business process decisions include determining and defining critical processes, setting performance goals for each, and then choosing an appropriate organizational design to met those goals. Some of the organizational design questions include How should the operations organization be structured? What are the roles of the line and staff organizations? What skills are required in operations? How should those skills be developed and retained? How should Those skills be developed and retained? How should operations personnel be rewarded? Supply Chain Coordination.While business process management focuses inside the organization, operations management today often requires management of multiple sources, markets, and flo ws outside the firm as well. Thus, operations managers face strategic decisions about the structure of the supply chains. Should they co-locate their own operations with those of their suppliers? How many layers should they have in their distribution networks? What modes of transportation are appropriate for which links in the supply chain? How should flows of goods among the various entities in the supply chain be monitored?Information Technology. Information technology and process technology decision are closely related, but process technology decisions relate to the physical equipment with which products and services are made and delivered, while information technology refers to the system that moves information around the operations function, between operations and the other functional areas in the firm, and among the players in the broader supply For IBM4710 Inter OM Chayakrit Asvathitanont, Ph. D. chain. There are a number of decisions operations managers make about their info rmation technology.How automated should information processing be? Should information systems be purchased or developed internally? Should the firm be a follower or a leader in the development and/or use of state-of-the-art-technology? How does the information technology investment fit with other investments the firm is making? Operations Capabilities Development. There is some evidence that traditional operations improvement programs such as lean manufacturing, just-in-time, total quality management, focused factories, and the like are misused by managers.Often hastily adopted as an industry best practice or in emulation of a competitor, these programs can yield poor results, wasted effort, and missed opportunities for an organization. When thoughtfully and fully implemented, however, they can be enormously successful. In developing operations strategy, managers must examine such programs and consider the capabilities required to develop and implement them. REFERENCES Andrews, K. ( 1971). The Concept of Corporate Strategy, Dow Jones-Irwin Homewood, IL. Beckman, S. L. , D. B. Rosenfield. (2008). Operations Strategy Competing in the 21st Century, U.S. McGraw-Hill International Edition. Dangayach, G. S. and S. G. Deshmukh. (2001) Manufacturing Strategy Literature limited review and Some Issues. 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