bush clinton synopsis essays

bramble clinton summation articles William Jefferson Clinton, by a long shot the MOST disputable President of our Time On January 20, 1993, our current managing president, William J. Clinton was sworn into office. For as far back as six years, one of the most ostentatious administrations has been lived out and still proceeds right up 'til the present time. According to some Bill Clinton has been a guardian angel to the United States, while others transparently think of him as the Anti-Christ. In any case, he has put every one of us on the track we are on now. Bills first changes were to be made right here in the US. Local changes incorporated the extending of un-paid wiped out leave in the work power to 12 weeks. This permitted anybody sick or childbearing to serenely take on a steady speed before coming back to work. Another residential change occurred in the military. President Clinton chose to lift the boycott dis-permitting gays in the military. In spite of the fact that an extraordinary positive advance forward, it was met with overwhelming resistance. In this manner Clinton chose to actualize a Dont Ask, Dont Tell strategy relating to sexual inclinations of those enrolled in the military. Beside his household strategies, Clinton reaffirmed the US as an evangelist country by helping the little nation of Somalia. With the objective of eradicating starvation and settling and political overthrows, Clinton sent both US and UN troops to Somalia. When the residential warring and generally speaking starvation had decreased, US troops were pulled back and UN troops stayed uniquely until 1995. Again Clinton depicted the US as a Helping Hand country when we airdropped both food and supplies to evacuees escaping Rwanda after an influx of suppression and open slaughter overwhelmed the country. Additionally noted would be the Bosnia/Serbia strife. At the point when the two countries started to do battle, Clinton again stepped in and went about as a cushion while the two countries took an interest in harmony talks. Despite the fact that William J. Clinton is in general a Good president, his very own issues consistently s ... <!

Do Ex-Military Make Good Police Officers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Do Ex-Military Make Good Police Officers - Essay Example The paper Do Ex-Military Make Good Police Officers? look at this inquiry distinguishing which elements will add to progress inside the two kinds of associations: military and police. There are unquestionably matches between the traits which make for a fruitful vocation in either the military or the police power. Notwithstanding, an effective military record doesn't really compare to a fruitful profession in law authorization. The general traits, for example, trustworthiness, uprightness, and order are regularly esteemed in both vocation positions. Be that as it may, a portion of the abilities in the subsequent gathering are not really esteemed in the military. For instance, the capacity to watch and recall detail has little to do with numerous elements of military work force. The capacity to survey circumstances and settle on a game-plan is likewise of little incentive in numerous military positions, where moment acquiescence to the standard may be progressively important. Another factor in police work is the size of the gatherings, which are commonly a lot littler than those in the military. Numerous military positions try to make gatherings of fundamentally the same as individuals when enormous gatherings of very much like individuals are required for power. Most gatherings on police powers are additionally requesting of dynamic connection and broadly educating of colleagues. The conduct of a military gathering is relied upon to be amazingly taught and almost neglectful after requests are given. The gatherings need to work like all around oiled machines. Singular idea would really disrupt everything.

The Economics of Federal Defense Policy :: Political Science

Three out of four Americans surveyed in the 1992 political decision year accepted that the United States was going off course. With such an overpowering accord, the nation employed another president to endeavor to fix the essential issues nearby. Albeit the two Republicans and Democrats accepted that the United States was as yet the sole superpower, the individuals of the United States saw that their personal satisfaction was falling apart. Truth be told, the indications of monetary, social, and political rot were obvious. For instance, the wages of creation laborers in America have declined 20% over the most recent twenty years because of enormous enterprises moving their activities abroad. More than thirty-7,000,000 Americans are without medical coverage because of its detonating costs. There are around sixty million individuals beneath the neediness line; fourteen million of which are youngsters. Our crime percentage is at an unequaled high just as the populace in our jail framework. The United States has nineteen going before countries that have lower newborn child death rates. Among the twenty most created nations on the planet, the United States has the most elevated separation rate and the most noteworthy teenager pregnancy rate. The most distrustful certainty of everything is that the Pentagon keeps on retaining twenty percent of the government spending plan over 33% of which is spent securing Europe against a foe that does not exist anymore. Truth be told, that is the most plausible wellspring of America's issues: the financial plan. Forty-seven percent of the national government financial plan is spent for a military cost. The National Defense, the subject of this paper, is what is taking cash from the poor in our own nation and decreasing our status as the sole superpower of the world. The National Defense was a program started from the very beginning of the United States' presence. It was a program intended to ensure the individuals of the world, however basically the individuals of this country. It was intended to ensure human rights and the goals of vote based system and private enterprise. In any case, in lieu of late occasions, the utilization for such a program is currently easily proven wrong. The world has changed essentially and drastically inside the most recent five years. The danger of an abhorrent realm, for example, the Soviet Association is no more; the Cold War is finished. Eventually, neutralization is required for some reasons. The two Democrats furthermore, Republicans the same bolstered the advancement of a massive modern complex. Both are content with just minor spending decreases.

Astronomy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stargazing - Research Paper Example The moon permits and supports life on Earth, influences its tides every day and however not a puzzle to a similar degree as it had been all through the entirety of history, it keeps on rousing the creative mind and much stays to be scholarly of Earth’s nearest heavenly neighbor. Today, individuals pretty much view the moon as ‘eye candy’ and give little consideration to its cycles. This was not the situation for our precursors who deliberately observed its developments. A few schedules of antiquated human advancements depended on the patterns of the moon and some are as of now, for example, the Islamic schedule. The date of the Chinese New Year is set by the pattern of the moon. The Sun was utilized by man until generally as of late to gauge short interims of time yet the moon was made a decision about increasingly dependable for longer time estimations. What is ordinarily known as a month depends on the 29-day pattern of the moon. The term ‘month’ is gotten from the term ‘moonth.’ â€Å"Without the moon’s cycle we may have wound up with an altogether different method of monitoring time, and we most presumably would have called it some different option from a month† (Miles and Peters, 2001). The Christian festival of Easter is determined by deciding the principal Sunday following the main event of a ‘full’ moon resulting to the start of the Spring Equinox. The explanation behind this is Christians had generally utilized the light of the ‘full’ moon to help in their journey to their heavenly terrains for Easter. In spite of the fact that the moon is the nearest article to Earth and has been investigated by man, questions remain in regards to its careful birthplaces and whether life at any point existed on or inside it or on the off chance that it could support life. It was found over a century back that the moon’s thickness is less then Earth’s. Galileo saw pits o n the moon’s surface using the telescope in the 1600’s. As of now, more is thought about the moon than some other divine body, information that was incomprehensible as of not long ago (Hamilton, 2005). Preceding the normal utilization of telescopes, when the moon was seen independent, everything that can possibly be recognized were two particular sorts of geology, dull and brilliant zones arranged in a way that delivered the figment of the ‘Man in the Moon.’ This fantasy was likely known as only that to most people of the world however before late occasions it was not realized that the dim regions were created by the fierce effects of space rocks hitting the moon a large number of million years prior. These early stage impacts on the lunar surface had a huge influence in reshaping the moon’s appearance and could clarify why there are two huge distensions on the outside of the moon. â€Å"New investigation uncovers that stun waves from a portion of the moon’s early space rock impacts went through the lunar inside, activating volcanic emissions on the moon’s inverse side. Liquid magma regurgitated from the profound inside and overflowed the lunar landscape† (Than, 2006). The cooled magma made the recognizable dull regions which are named ‘lunar seas.’ These dim zones join to shape the ‘face’ of the moon. The Man in the Moon’s eyes have been marked â€Å"’Mare Imbrium’ and ‘Mare Serenitatis’. The nose, ‘Sinus Aestuum’ and the mouth, which has all the earmarks of being grinning, is a blend of the ‘Mare Cognitum’ and ‘Mare Nubium’† (Heiken et al, 1991). The Earth’s sky seems, by all accounts, to be blue since its environment diffracts light so that delivers this

Make Natural Plastic From Dairy Products

Make Natural Plastic From Dairy Products Plastics are for the most part created from oil, however they can emerge out of different sources too! All that is truly required is the capacity to join particles containing carbon and hydrogen together, which you do at whatever point you sour milk. This takes around 30 minutes. What You Need 1/2 C milk or overwhelming creamvinegar or lemon juicesaucepan Guidelines Pour 1/2 cup milk or substantial cream in a pot and warmth to stewing over low to medium heat.Stir in a couple of spoonfuls of vinegar or lemon juice. Keep including vinegar or lemon juice until blend starts to gel.Remove from warmth and permit to cool.Rinse the rubbery curds with water. The curds are plastic! Play with your cool creation :- ) Helpful Tips Grown-up oversight please - hot stove!The plastic is shaped because of a synthetic response between the casein in the dairy item and the corrosive (acidic in the vinegar, citrus and ascorbic in the lemon juice).

Essay Topics on Cosmopolitinasim

Essay Topics on CosmopolitinasimWhen choosing essay topics on cosmopolitinasim, it's good to remember that this is a term often used by sociologists and anthropologists. It has become more popular in recent years due to the examples mentioned above. There are a lot of examples, but one that many have discussed and argued about extensively is non-intentional sexism. As far as I know, this topic was first mentioned in the 1980s and was heavily discussed then.But what is intentional sexism? Well, intentionally, it is different from unintentional sexism. In intentional sexism, we assume that what we see on TV is exactly what is going on in real life and what we hear in the news is all there is to life. In non-intentional sexism, it's more like one of those games you used to play when you were a kid - you just assumed that everything is sexist, because everybody is doing it.A good example of this is the problematic topic of body size - this is a topic that has been greatly discussed in th e past decade or so. There are those who believe that being too thin, or being too fat, is okay, while others believe that those are only accepted within certain groups. Personally, I would say that body size and weight are not as big of a deal as many people think - unless you're a thin person or a fat person.Another important fact that is often overlooked when people debate issues related to sexism is race. Yes, there are some people who tend to be treated differently based on their race. Some people will be more harshly judged on certain criteria than others will be. Again, this isn't necessarily something that is true for everyone, but this is one of those facts that seem to have been forgotten as time has gone on.But does that mean that you can blame things on other people when you enter into a wrong place? No, it doesn't! In order to keep your points from being overshadowed by this issue, it's good to mention it when presenting yourself as an essayist. You don't want to offend any people by stating your views - you just want to write about them, and share your knowledge with other readers.When you are presenting your topic, you don't want to rely on stereotypes or assumptions to get people to listen to you. Remember that people can judge people by appearance. If you do use these stereotypes and assumptions in your essay, you could easily lose credibility.The idea of cosmopolitinasim is to keep it simple and stay away from controversial subjects. No matter how bad or how good an essay is, people won't care about the details of it if it's not very informative. If you put it off, then you will likely be disappointed with your work.Give the readers something that they can relate to, and this can be done with topics that are very close to reality. It's good to remind ourselves that even though things may seem obvious in today's society, people are still diverse - people from all walks of life, races, backgrounds, and social classes are all united in the commo n ground.

Global Marketing a Decision-Oriented Approach 4th Ed. Svend Hollensen. - Free Essay Example

†¢Jump to Navigation †¢Jump to Content †¢Jump to Search results DawsonsERA Quick Search Help LogoutSkip Navigation HomeeBook CatalogueAdvanced SearchMy FavouritesHome Search Results Full Title Display Global marketing : a decision-oriented approach 4th ed. Svend Hollensen. Pages: 753 Publisher: Pearson Education Publication date: 26 Apr 2007 Search score: 36. 20 eISBN-13: 9781408212011 eISBN-10: 1408212013 Print ISBNs: PB: 9780273706786, 0273706780 Description: Drawing on an incomparable breadth of international examples, Svend Hollensen not only demonstrates how global marketing works, but also how it relates to real decisions around the world. Extensive coverage of hot topics such as blue ocean strategy; celebrity branding; brand piracy; and viral marketing. *Brand new case studies focus on globally recognised brands and companies operating in a number of countries, including IKEA, Philips, Nokia, Guinness and Cereal Partners Worldwide. *All new video cases accompany every chapter and are available at www. pearsoned. co. k/hollensen, featuring such firms as Nike, Starbucks, BMW, Ford and McDonalds. BIC Classification: KM Dewey Decimal Classification: 658. 84 Library of Congress Classification: HF1416 View related titles View this title in your Library Catalogue 5 Min PreviewRemove Favourite Table of Contents Skip table of contentsContents Preface to the fourth edition Guided tour Acknowledgements Publishers acknowledgements Abbreviations About the author Part I The decision whether to internationalize 1 Global marketing in the firm Learning objectives 1. Introduction 1. 2 Development of the ‘global marketing’ concept 1. Comparison of the global marketing and management style of SMEs and LSEs 1. 4 Forces for ‘global integration’ and ‘market responsiveness’ 1. 5 The value chain as a framework for identifying international competitive advantage 1. 6 Value shop and the ‘service value chain’ 1. 7 Information business and the virtual value chain 1. 8 Summary Case studies 1. 1 Vermont Teddy Bear: Should Vermont Teddy Bear go abroad? 1. 2 Arcor: A Latin American confectionary player is globalizing its business 1. 3 Video case study: Nivea Questions for discussion References 2 Initiation of internationalization Learning objectives 2. 1 Introduction 2. Internationalization motives 2. 3 Triggers of export initiation (change agents) 2. 4 Internationalization barriers/risks 2. 5 Summary Case studies 2. 1 Blooming Clothing: A bumpy path to exports 2. 2 Elvis Presley Enterprises Inc. (EPE): Internationalization of a ‘cult icon’ 2. 3 Video case study: NIDEK Questions for discussion References 3 Internationalization theories Learning objectives 3. 1 Introduction 3. 2 The Uppsala internationalization model 3. 3 The transaction cost analysis (TCA) model 3. 4 The network model 3. 5 Internationalization of SMEs 3. 6 Born globals 3. 7 Internationalization of services 3. 8 Summary Case studies . 1 Cryos: They keep the stork busy around the world 3. 2 Entertainment Rights: Internationalization of ‘Postman Pat’ 3. 3 Video case study: Reebok Questions for discussion References 4 Development of the firms international competitiveness Learning objectives 4. 1 Introduction 4. 2 Analysis of national competitiveness (the Porter diamond) 4. 3 Competition analysis in an industry 4. 4 Value chain analysis 4. 5 Blue ocean strategy and value innovation 4. 6 Summary Case studies 4. 1 Microsoft Xbox: The battle for gaming leadership against Nintendos Wii and Sony PlayStation 3 4. 2 Senseo: Creating competitiveness through an nternational alliance 4. 3 Video case study: Nike Questions for discussion References Part I Case studies 1. 1 Manchester United: Still trying to establish a global brand 1. 2 Bridgestone Tyres: European marketing strategy 1. 3 OneCafe: A ‘born global’ penetrates the coffee industry 1. 4 Cereal Partners Worldwide (CPW): The No. 2 world player is challenging the No. 1 – Kellogg Part II Deciding which markets to enter 5 Global marketing research Learning objectives 5. 1 Introduction 5. 2 The changing role of the international researcher 5. 3 Linking global marketing research to the decision-making process 5. 4 Secondary research 5. Primary research 5. 6 Online (internet) primary research methods 5. 7 Other types of marketing research 5. 8 Setting up an international MIS 5. 9 Summary Case studi es 5. 1 Teepack Spezialmaschinen GmbH: Organizing a global survey of customer satisfaction 5. 2 Tchibo: Expanding the coffee shops business system in the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe 5. 3 Video case study: Burke Questions for discussion References 6 The political and economic environment Learning objectives 6. 1 Introduction 6. 2 The political/legal environment 6. 3 The economic environment 6. 4 The European Economic and Monetary Union and the euro 6. 5 Summary Case studies 6. 1 The World Bank and the IMF: What on earth is globalization about? Massive protests during a meeting in Prague 6. 2 Sauer-Danfoss: Which political/economic factor would affect a manufacturer of hydraulic components? 6. 3 Video case study: Debate on globalization Questions for discussion References 7 The sociocultural environment Learning objectives 7. 1 Introduction 7. 2 Layers of culture 7. 3 High-and low-context cultures 7. 4 Elements of culture 7. 5 Hofstedes original work on national cultures (the 4 + 1 dimensions model) 7. 6 The strengths and weaknesses of Hofstedes model 7. 7 Managing cultural differences . 8 Convergence or divergence of the worlds cultures 7. 9 The effects of cultural dimensions on ethical decision making 7. 10 Social marketing 7. 11 Summary Case studies 7. 1 Lifan: A Chinese subsupplier and brand manufacturer of motorcycles is aiming at the global market 7. 2 IKEA catalogue: Are there any cultural differences? 7. 3 Video case study: Communica ting in the global world Questions for discussion References 8 The international market selection process Learning objectives 8. 1 Introduction 8. 2 International market selection: SMEs versus LMEs 8. 3 Building a model for international market selection 8. Market expansion strategies 8. 5 The global product/market portfolio 8. 6 Summary Case studies 8. 1 Philips Lighting: Screening markets in the Middle East 8. 2 Mac Baren Tobacco Company: Internationalizing the water pipe business 8. 3 Video case study: Hasbro Questions for discussion References Part II Case studies II. 1 CarLovers Carwash: Serendipity as a factor in foreign market selection: the case of CarLovers from Australia II. 2 The Female Health Company (FHC): The female condom is seeking a foothold in the world market for contraceptive products II. 3 Tipperary Mineral Water Company: Market selection inside/outside Europe II. Skagen Designs: Becoming an international player in designed watches Part III Market Entry Strategi es 9 Some approaches to the choice of entry mode Learning objectives 9. 1 Introduction 9. 2 The transaction cost approach 9. 3 Factors influencing the choice of entry mode 9. 4 Summary Case studies 9. 1 Jarlsberg: The king of Norwegian cheeses is seeking new markets 9. 2 Ansell condoms: Is acquisition the right way for gaining market shares in the European condom market? 9. 3 Video case study: Understanding entry modes into the Chinese market Questions for discussion References 10 Export modes Learning objectives 10. Introduction 10. 2 Indirect export modes 10. 3 Direct export modes 10. 4 Cooperative export modes/export marketing groups 10. 5 Summary Case studies 10. 1 Lysholm Linie Aquavit: International marketing of a Norwegian Aquavit brand 10. 2 Parle Products: An Indian biscuit is seeking agents and cooperation partners in new export markets 10. 3 Video case study: Honest Tea Questions for discussion References 11 Intermediate entry modes Learning objectives 11. 1 Introduction 11. 2 Contract manufacturing 11. 3 Licensing 11. 4 Franchising 11. 5 Joint ventures/strategic alliances 11. 6 Other intermediate entry modes 11. 7 Summary Case studies 11. 1 Ka-Boo-Ki: Licensing in the LEGO brand 11. 2 Bayer and GlaxoSmithKline: Can the X-coalition and the product Levitra challenge Viagras market leader position? 11. 3 Video case study: Mariott Questions for discussion References 12 Hierarchical modes Learning objectives 12. 1 Introduction 12. 2 Domestic-based sales representatives 12. 3 Resident sales representatives/foreign sales branch/foreign sales subsidiary 12. 4 Sales and production subsidiary 12. 5 Region centres (regional headquarters) 12. 6 Transnational organization 12. 7 Establishing wholly owned subsidiaries: acquisition or Greenfield 12. Location/relocation of HQ 12. 9 Foreign divestment: withdrawing from a foreign market 12. 10 Summary Case studies 12. 1 Durex condoms: SSL will sell Durex condoms in the Japanese market through its own organization 12. 2 The Fred Hollows Foundation: A non-profit organization establishes lens production factories in Nepal and Eritrea 12. 3 Video case study: Starbucks Quest ions for discussion References 13 International sourcing decisions and the role of the subsupplier Learning objectives 13. 1 Introduction 13. 2 Reasons for international sourcing 13. 3 A typology of subcontracting 13. 4 Buyer–seller interaction 13. Development of a relationship 13. 6 Reverse marketing: from seller to buyer initiative 13. 7 Internationalization of subcontractors 13. 8 Project export (turnkey contracts) 13. 9 Summary Case studies 13. 1 LM Glasfiber A/S: Following its customers international expansion in the wind turbine industry 13. 2 Lear Corporation: A leading supplier of automotive interior systems 13. 3 Video case study: Eaton Corporation Questions for discussion References Part III Case studies III. 1 IKEA: Expanding through franchising to the South American market? III. 2 Autoliv Air Bags: Transforming Autoliv into a global company III. IMAX Corporation: Globalization of the film business III. 4 Heineken/Al Ahram Beverages Co. : Marketing of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks to Egypt and to other Muslim markets – does an acquisition help? Part IV Designing the Global Marketing Programme 14 Product decisions Learning objectives 14. 1 Introduction 14. 2 The dimensions of the international product offer 14. 3 Developing international service strategies 14. 4 The product life cycle 14. 5 New products for the international market 14. 6 Product positioning 14. 7 Brand equity 14. 8 Branding decisions 14. 9 Sensory branding 14. 10 Celebrity branding 4. 11 Implications of the Internet for the collaboration with customers on product decisions 14. 12 Green marketing strategies 14. 13 Brand piracy and anti-counterfeiting strategies 14. 14 Summary Case studies 14. 1 Danish Klassic: Launch of a cream cheese in Saudi Arabia 14. 2 Zippo Manufacturing Company: Has product diversification beyond the lighter gone too far? 14. 3 Video case study: Swiss Army Questions for discussion References 15 Pricing decisions and terms of doing business Lea rning objectives 15. 1 Introduction 15. 2 International pricing strategies compared with domestic pricing strategies 15. Factors influencing international pricing decisions 15. 4 International pricing strategies 15. 5 Implications of the Internet for pricing across borders 15. 6 Terms of sale/delivery terms 15. 7 Terms of payment 15. 8 Export financing 15. 9 Summary Case studies 15. 1 Harley-Davidson: Does the image justify the price level? 15. 2 Gillette Co. : Is price standardization possible for razor blades? 15. 3 Video case study: Ford Motor Company Questions for discussion References 16 Distribution decisions Learning objectives 16. 1 Introduction 16. 2 External determinants of channel decisions 16. 3 The structure of the channel 16. Managing and controlling distribution channels 16. 5 Managing logistics 16. 6 Implications of the Internet for distribution decisions 16. 7 Special issue 1: International retailing 16. 8 Special issue 2: Grey marketing (parallel importing) 16. 9 S ummary Case studies 16. 1 De Beers: Forward integration into the diamond industry value chain 16. 2 Nokia: What is wrong in the US market for mobile phones – can Nokia recapture the no. 1 position from Motorola? 16. 3 Video case study: DHL Questions for discussion References 17 Communication decisions (promotion strategies) Learning objectives 17. 1 Introduction 17. 2 The communication process 7. 3 Communication tools 17. 4 Viral marketing 17. 5 International advertising strategies in practice 17. 6 Implications of the Internet for communication decisions 17. 7 Summary Case studies 17. 1 Helly Hansen: Sponsoring fashion clothes in the US market 17. 2 Chevrolet: Helping to create a global brand via a European online (and CRM) strategy 17. 3 Video case study: BMW Motorcycles Questions for discussion References Part IV Case studies IV. 1 Absolut Vodka: Defending and attacking for a better position in the global vodka market IV. 2 Guinness: How can the iconic Irish beer brand com pensate for declining sales in the home market? IV. 3 Dyson Vacuum Cleaner: Shifting from domestic to international marketing with the famous bagless vacuum cleaner IV. 4 Triumph Motorcycles Ltd: Rising from the ashes in the international motorcycle business Part V Implementing and Coordinating the Global Marketing Programme 18 Cross-cultural sales negotiations Learning objectives 18. 1 Introduction 18. 2 Cross-cultural negotiations 18. 3 Intercultural preparation 18. 4 Coping with expatriates 18. 5 Knowledge management and learning across borders 18. 6 Transnational bribery in cross-cultural negotiations 18. 7 Summary Case studies 18. Mecca Cola: Marketing of a ‘Muslim’ cola to the European market 18. 2 TOTO: The Japanese toilet manufacturer seeks export opportunities for its high-tech brands in the United States 18. 3 Video case study: Dunkin Donuts Questions for discussion References 19 Organization and control of the global marketing programme Learning objectives 19. 1 Introduction 19. 2 Organization of global mar keting activities 19. 3 The global management account (GAM) organization 19. 4 Controlling the global marketing programme 19. 5 The global marketing budget 19. 6 The process of developing the global marketing plan 19. 7 Summary Case studies 19. 1 Mars Inc. : Merger of the European food, petcare and confectionary divisions 19. 2 AGRAMKOW Fluid Systems: Reconsidering its global organization structure 19. 3 Video case study: McDonalds Questions for discussion References Part V Case studies V. 1 Femilet: A SME is seeking a foothold in the European lingerie market V. 2 Sony BMG: New worldwide organizational structure and the marketing, planning and budgeting of Didos new album V. 3 Philips Shavers: Maintaining shaving leadership in the world market V. 4 Vipp AS: A SME uses global branding to break into the international waste bin business Index

Free Speech on College Campuses Essay - 1250 Words

Kenzie Winkler Due: May 16th 2011 WR 122/ Wilde Final Essay #2 Importance of ‘Free Speech’ College is a time when most individuals are experiencing major changes and begin to explore new perspectives. The transition in becoming more independent, creating new insights and peer influence are key factors in changing the perspective of an individual. Students are faced with new ideas from their professors, family and fellow peers. Through that acquired knowledge many students decide that they either agree or disagree with the perspectives that they are taught. Allowing the right of ‘Free Speech’ on public college campuses has become an important issue that many public colleges are starting to address. In college students are capable of†¦show more content†¦Despite their opinions, free speech was a great way in this situation for students to rally together and publically inform the rest of campus of their beliefs. In the school newspaper, The Daily Emerald, CJ Ciaramelle wrote â€Å"About 300 students from across the campus community — student unio ns, Greek Life, the ASUO, the Survival Center, the Women’s Center — showed up at the meeting to protest the Forum† (1). Although the majority of people protested against the forum the right to free speech, it is important because it allows students to make decisions on their own and invite students to do the same. â€Å"Free speech† often has negative connotations because the negative outcomes are publicized more than the positive outcomes. ‘Free Speech’ is a time for individuals to express their beliefs and topic on an important issue. People chose to present themselves in a vast majority of ways such as, holding signs, making t-shirts, shouting, etc. People who chose to present themselves in disrupting ways such as, foul language, inappropriate attire are more likely to be noticed than another student that is holding a simple and respectful sign. Schmidt states, â€Å"Universities cannot censor or suppress speech, no matter how obnoxious in content, without violating their justification of existence† (2). There is no definition of what type of ‘free speech’ should be censored and not allowed. With that said, there should not be a limit on ‘free speech’Show MoreRelated The Anti-Free Speech Movement on Americas College Campuses Essay928 Word s   |  4 PagesThe Anti-Free Speech Movement on Americas College Campuses The nations leftists, whether in academia or the news media tout themselves as advocates of free speech. Back in 1964, it was Mario Savio a campus leftist who led the Free Speech Movement at the Berkeley campus of the University of California, a movement that without question played a vital role in placing American universities center stage in the flow of political ideas no matter how controversial, unpatriotic and vulgar. FromRead MoreLet the Students Speak: The Importance of Free Speech on College Campuses874 Words   |  4 Pages Ah, the freedom of speech. Outlined in our nation’s Constitution and considered one of the most fundamental of all human rights, it gives us the ability to express ourselves without government interference, restraint, or suppression (â€Å"Freedom of Speech: An Overview†). Free speech is practiced by all types of American citizens, from the teenage girl posting a picture of a Starbucks cup on Instagram to the riled adult handing out fliers for a political cause. Every form of expression, ranging fromRead MoreFreedom Of Speech Should Not Be Legal1644 Words   |  7 PagesIn today s society we see college as a Location for students to gain education and by the students gaining the education they obtain from colleges they than can use those skills to acquire a job that benefits the society we live in into a positive way. Freedom of speech is the right to express any opinion without being restrained by anyone, expressing ourself in part of being a person in that s what ma kes up who we are. We could believe in things,people or anything we have strong beliefs in. StudentsRead MoreSpeech On The Bill Of Rights1153 Words   |  5 Pagesrespecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press† (Alderman and Kennedy, pg.21). Because of the First Amendment, hate speech, â€Å"no matter how offensive its content†, was â€Å"protected† under the laws (ACLZ). However, people are still demanding more. They want hate-related speech to be allowed on campuses –without knowing the effects and the damage it could do. Hate speech could bring people down, lower their confidences andRead MoreIs Word Policing Ruining College?1275 Words   |  6 PagesRuining College? If you keep a close eye on the news, you have heard of situations dealing with the issue of free speech on college campuses. This topic has been a hot button issue throughout recent years. Numerous institutions have become more politically correct in an effort to make their students feel safer on campus. Many people, however, claim that â€Å"word policing†, or telling students that they are not allowed to use certain vocabulary, is a violation of their right to free speech. In the articlesRead MoreFreedom Of Speech : Speech1105 Words   |  5 Pages Freedom of Speech Freedom of Speech, part of the First Amendment, is a privileged right that should not be taken lightly. The Milo Bill is said to protect students’ right to their freedom of speech on school grounds. 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The Eight Founder Crops and the Origins of Agriculture

Football is a Facsimile of American Society Essay

Football is a Facsimile of American Society In a society where competition and hard work are the rule, the game of football and in particular, high school football, with its melange of mores, norms and rituals have symbolically come to represent the American life. Like many of the conventions in American society, high school football has over the years ingrained in its players teamwork, loyalty, and the value of hard work. In addition, the institution of high school football not only pertains to the game, but has influenced many participants in the matters of sexuality, albeit with a certain degree of conflict. Finally, high school footballs rituals and rites of passages have enforced the attributes that have been deemed worthy, and†¦show more content†¦Raul Palafox, a Central California League first team receiver and first team safety attributed much of his success to his team. He said, Its the team that wins the games. Theyre the ones that enabled me to do as well as I did, and I gave everything I had for them i n return. Im nothing on the field without my team. Palafox like many other players have attributed their personal success to their team, and it can be said that this is a result of the lessons players have undergone by their coaches. Loyalty is also another trait that coaches have highly stressed. Many times in my own personal football career my coach instructed us in this trait. An example of this was the fact that we were not to talk to anyone but fellow players before a game. This would show that our concentration and attention were only on the task at hand, and the people that would enable our victory. Such loyalty has been shown in other contexts as well. Norton Kim, another highly decorated first team player said, Theres a lot of times where Ive gotten into fights because (people) were messing with my friends#8230; Theyre (football teammates) like my brothers. On and off the field, many high school football players have shown in action and deed how much the loyalty t aught to them through the game has affected their lives. Finally, the ethic of working hard can safely be said to have been taught to just about every football team in the nation.Show MoreRelatedForeign Market Entry Strategy - Four Seasons in Brazil23037 Words   |  93 Pagescomprehensive training program to provide the skills necessary to perform required tasks and meet the company’s core standards. 3 GENDER ISSUES Common among several Latin American countries is the notion of machismo, the belief that males are superior to females (Doing Business in Brazil, 2007). Machismo is perpetuated through society with the assignment of traditional roles to men and women. While this view has recently been challenged due to the influx of Brazilian women into both higher educationRead MoreSelf Service28523 Words   |  115 Pagesassociated with positive sensations, analogous perhaps with the feelings of warmth and sociability Self-Checkout Versus Cashier Checkout System 15 experienced at a jam-packed party, or the excitement felt at being a member of a crowd at a big football match. Kostecki (1996) noted how the need to improve queue time could even be regarded as an indicator of a store’s attractiveness. The individual may assume that because a store is extremely busy, it must be a good store to shop in; otherwise largeRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagesu rity , individual, as organizations, as society will have to M o re jo b o p p o rt u n itie s , H ig h w a g e s . fight actively for it an increasingly competitive S o c ie ty : E le v a tin g th e s t a n d a rd o f liv in g , global environment. If organizations are able to S tre n g th e n in g e th ic a l g u id e lin e s . mange its work force efficiently/effectively this will be beneficial for all stakeholders (Organization, Employees and Society). D r . M u k h ta r A h m e d Challenges/Issues

Kierkegaard Essay - 519 Words

Kierkegaard Kierkegaard felt that subjective reflection was more crucial to the individual life than objective reflection because it focused on passion and human existence instead of logic and impersonal truth. The objective world is the world of facts and truth independent of the perceptions of humans. Objective reflection focuses on what actually is, in the objective world. Objective reflection centers on the things and ideas in the world that can give meaning to life. The subjective world is the world of human thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. It focuses on the relationship between people and their thoughts, feelings, and perceptions in respect to their lives. It centers on how meaning in life is viewed subjectively, or how†¦show more content†¦The objective world is based in reason, while the subjective world is based in passion. Kierkegaard believed that subjective reflection was the key understanding meaning in life. He kind of complains with the objective reflection stating that it is impersonal and an indifferent relation to existence. As a matter of fact, this terminology as I shall call it, defines just what the objective world and objective reflection is: being independent of any human subjectivity. Subjective reflection naturally focuses on human existence in a personal, inward way without detachment as Kierkegaard put it. Kierkegaard goes on to use the knowledge of God as an example to show why subjective reflection is more important. He believes that there is the objective reflection that states that this is the true God, but subjectively, the relation to God that the person has, is a God-relation. He makes sure to point out that there really is no truth in the situation without the relation to God because the relation to God is more important than the objective proof of Gods existence. So with that in mind, to treat God objectively is to treat Him as an object. However, God is a subject and therefore can only be related to subjectively in i nwardness. So it is the HOW which is important to Kierkegaard, not the WHAT. The strongest example of his reasons for this comes in hisShow MoreRelatedSoren Kierkegaard Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesProject: Soren Kierkegaard: Mega Mind of the 19th Century Soren Kierkegaard: Mega Mind of the 19th Century As a man whose work spans across areas such as philosophy, theology, devotional literature, and more, Soren Kierkegaard is considered one of the mega-minds of philosophy and the 19th century. He was influenced by many people throughout his life, as well as influencing many people himself. With works that ranged from religious views all the way to developing a â€Å"new† way to view our surroundingsRead MoreEssay on Kierkegaard and Wittgenstein2163 Words   |  9 PagesKierkegaard and Wittgenstein The connections between Ludwig Wittgenstein and Soren Kierkegaard as philosophers are not at all immediately obvious. On the surface, Wittgenstein deals with matters concerning the incorrect use of philosophical language and Kierkegaard focuses almost exclusively on answering the question how to become a Christian. But this account belies deeper structural similarities between these mens important works. Thus, this paper suggests that their methods, rather thanRead MoreKierkegaard And Nietzsche And Existentialism989 Words   |  4 Pagesthe term existentialism in their works, Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche are considered two of the first and significant philosophers to the existentialist movement. They focused on subjective human experience and were interested in the struggle to escape boredom and find meaning in life. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche also stressed the importance of making free choices and how these choices change the identity of the individual. Both Kierkegaar d and Nietzsche felt that life is irrational andRead MoreKierkegaard And Communism1747 Words   |  7 PagesOn first and second glance, it may appear impossible to draw any concrete connection between the philosophy of Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard, a seventeenth century Danish Philosopher who worked heavily on existential themes, faith, and Christianity, and the Soviet Union. On one hand, Kierkegaard himself lived his life almost solely in Denmark, rarely leaving his own hometown, so his experience of the World outside of Denmark was extremely limited and focused on his world, especially the world of the Danish NationalRead MoreSoren Kierkegaard on God1772 Words   |  7 PagesKierkegaard claims that, Infinite resignation is the last stage before faith, so anyone who has not made this movement does not have faith, for only in infinite resignation does an individual become conscious of his eternal validity, and only then can one speak of grasping existence by virtue of faith, (page 52). Th is idea is demonstrated when Abraham surrenders himself to his fate and surrenders the life of his son to God. This infinite resignation is the reason God grants Abraham his son’s lifeRead MoreThe Ideas Of Kierkegaard And Pascal2571 Words   |  11 Pagestherefore, reason alone is not adequate enough to validate religious truths. In this paper, I will demonstrate how reason and faith aren’t separate entities and how both are needed in order to explain all religious truths by examining the ideas of Kierkegaard and Pascal. I will also give a detailed explanation of fideism, show examples of irresponsible fideism and responsible fideism and then argue in favor of responsible fideism; faith fills in the gaps that are left void by reason. A truly authenticRead MoreEssay The Father of Existentialism: Soren Kierkegaard1068 Words   |  5 Pagesthinking begin with the human in terms of thinking, acting and feeling. The fundamental concepts of the externalist philosophers are that they believed that the existence of human conditions is the main problem to share similar ontology. Soren Kierkegaard is considered to be the father of existentialism. Although, he did not use the word ‘existentialism’, but initially the concept that no society or religion is the main cause that leads an individual to live a life with sincerity or passionatelyRead MoreEssay on Kierkegaards View on Faith1045 Words   |  5 PagesKierkegaards View on Faith Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher in the mid 1800s. He is known to be the father of existentialism and was at least 70 years ahead of his time. Kierkegaard set out to attack Kant’s rational ethics and make attacks on the Christianity of our day. He poses the question, how do we understand faith? He states that faith equals the absurd. In â€Å"Fear and Trembling†, he uses the story of Abraham and his son Isaac to show an example of faith as the absurd. The story ofRead More Existentialism: Kierkegaard and Nietzsche Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pageshowever he cannot (Barnes, 2011). Throughout the rest of this paper I will be discussing two of the most prominent existentialists, Kierkegaard and Nietzsche. Soren Kierkegaard’s ideas of existentialism were firmly rooting in his Christianity. This would make sense in light of his college major and at one time feeling a call to serve within the church. Kierkegaard surmised, â€Å"God is infinite and personal†¦ transcendent and imminent, omniscient, sovereign, and good† (Teachme, 1997). Even though hisRead MoreSoren Kierkegaard And The Existentialist Philosophy1116 Words   |  5 Pages 2. The Existentialist philosophy, started by Soren Kierkegaard, focuses on self-directed education, finding answers within yourself. Students are not graded because all standards come from themselves. This philosophy emphasizes freedom of choice and mind, and that authentic creative thinking leads to true learning experiences (Cohen). The teacher helps students find their passions and understand who they are. Existentialism has never become prevalent in schools because it is difficult to apply in

Summary of the Development of Anthropological Theory from...

(Introductory Paragraph: Containing Thesis) Since the beginning of the human species, humans have possessed an undying curiosity with their entire existence and surroundings. These curious obsessions, including that of their environments and other living organisms, have never been as strong, remarkable and lasting as the curiosity we’ve had about ourselves both collectively and individually. Two anthropologists offer the valid idea that â€Å"it is probably fair to say, wherever literate civilizations came into contact with members of different societies, something like ethnographic writing occurred† (McGee, Warms, 2012). It also seems to be plausible, even looking as far back into the human origin and history as Homo neanderthalensis, that†¦show more content†¦This theory would be studied by philosophers throughout a wide span of time. Progressivism represents a polar opposite view to that of degeneratism. Where degeneratism would suggest deterioration from a former civilized state, progressivism s uggests a beginning primitive state advancing over time into a more civilized state. Due to â€Å"the violent overthrow of the social order in France, the increasing disorder and poverty of urban life in England†¦ revolutions, and turbulence among the lower classes† (McGee, Warms, 2012), philosophers were beginning to question their original beliefs in progressivism. It had been concluded, â€Å"clearly, if progress was to be made, its course was not smooth† (McGee, Warms, 2012). With European expansion, the exploration of new ‘worlds’ brought to focus the distributions and varieties of new plant and animal species. These new discoveries did not fit within the constructs of the traditional biblical explanations or references towards classification of species. Many scholars including philosophers, geologists, and primarily naturalists were struggling to explain and classify their new findings. With this struggle, a new classification system was created, known as Systema Naturae. By the early 19th century, â€Å"the philosophical and biological frameworks were in place† (McGee, Warms, 2012), allowing for new evolutionary theories to emerge. Charles Darwin, a famous geologist andShow MoreRelatedMandinka Empire21578 Words   |  87 Pagesarticle http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hia/summary/v032/32.1schaffer.html Access Provided by your local institution at 03/10/13 1:43PM GMT BOUND TO AFRICA: THE MANDINKA LEGACY IN THE NEW WORLD MATT SCHAFFER I I offer here a theory of â€Å"cultural convergence,† as a corollary to Darwin’s natural selection, regarding how slave Creoles and culture were formed among the Gullah and, by extension, supported by other examples, in the Americas. When numerous speakers from different, and sometimes related, ethnicRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 PagesNovember 2007  © Dr. Lesley Prince 2007. Organisational Analysis: Notes and Essays Page i Page ii Please do not attempt to eat these notes. CONTENTS Introduction to the Workshop Topics And Themes The Nature and Scope of Organisation Theory Levels of Analysis The Metaphorical Approach Organising Processes Understanding Change Conflict, Negotiation, and the Politics of Change Group and Team Working Cultures and Leaders as Cultural Agents Trust Linking the Themes Introductory NotesRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagessave money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experiencedRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesLuis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition Roxy Peck, Chris Olsen, Jay Devore Acquisitions Editor: Carolyn Crockett Development Editor: Danielle Derbenti Assistant Editor: Beth Gershman Editorial Assistant: Ashley Summers Technology Project Manager: Colin Blake Marketing Manager: Joe Rogove Marketing Assistant: Jennifer Liang Marketing Communications Manager: Jessica Perry

Shes BALD free essay sample

What is beauty? Is it the hair, skin color, and eyes or is it the person? What defines and who defines it? I went bald this week and the reaction I got was unbelievable. Some said it looked great, others didnt like it. The stigma of what is beautiful affects high school students in a way I never expected. Certain people wont talk to me because I went bald, or just stare and whisper at the fact that I have no hair. What do they care? Is it their head or is it mine? They ask why I did it; the only answer I have is that I was tired of my hair. I was tired of putting chemicals in my hair , and my hair was falling out because of it. So I decided to just cut it all off. NoI dont have cancer. Nomy intention was not to make a statement. We will write a custom essay sample on Shes BALD or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But while the issue is on hand, why not talk about it? Beauty to me is not defined by the amount of hair I have. To me its defined by my personality, my creativity, my passion, my love for those I care about, my eyes, my smile. Beauty is me. Its not what I wear or the amount of hair I have on my head. My hair does not make me. What everyone must understand is that the media should not dictate what beauty is because the media changes. The medias interpretation of beauty is sometimes not realistic. The truth is that as an individual you must define what beauty is to you. Your neighbor, your mother, you boy/girl friend do not define it. I find that those who are uncomfortable with my hair are uncomfortable with themselves. I have the confidence, the elegance and the grace to be who I am and not apologize for it. Neither should you. Do not comprise yourself and conform to societys view of the norm. Be bold, be yourself. Love yourself. And never apologize for it. (You can be beautiful on the outside yet ugly on the inside. Outside beauty fades but inner beauty lasts a lifetime.)

Techno Addicts Essay Sample free essay sample

Technology dependence amongst adolescents is holding a riotous consequence on their acquisition. This research shows that engineering compulsion hinders spelling accomplishments. implicitly encourages plagiarism. and disrupts schoolroom acquisition. Despite school policies curtailing nomadic phone use. pupils use the phone often. with the bulk doing calls from the lavatories. The nomadic phone continues to be a premier channel of societal communicating during the school twenty-four hours. The survey besides examined how different engineerings were used in an instruction context. The survey found that the qualities of written English of 39. 3 % of adolescents were affected by text cutoffs. Access to technologies occurs at an early age with the emerging sequence being entree to a computing machine before the age of eight. usage of the cyberspace between the ages of five and ten. usage of a nomadic phone between the ages of eight and ten and entree to a societal web between the ages of 11 and 13. We will write a custom essay sample on Techno Addicts Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Students spend 2 or more than hours a twenty-four hours in societal networking citations. This survey aims to allow immature individuals or adolescents know the advantages and disadvantages of being addicted to their engineerings like phones and computing machines. to demo how high the proportion of adolescents addicted to their appliances through studies is. Last. to mention ways on how to forestall this dependence to engineering amongst adolescents. This survey tells the young person that they can utilize their cellular telephone more than 100 times per hebdomad. Technology is going an dependence. Today’s young person crave instant satisfaction. and desires are met by broadband Internet and text messaging. The society is no longer had clip or the demand to hold a good old sit down and a chin wit. The people can pass on via intricate webs and orbiters. It’s fundamentally stating that the young person are non pass oning like we use excessively now we can acquire on Skype. We don’t travel out any longer and pass with each other. Which the research worker disagree with that statement because the young person and teens still communicate like they used to. Merely retrieve that a engineering becomes habit-forming when there is no principle for its inordinate usage. Just like imbibing intoxicant – if imbibing a glass of bubbly when traveling out for dinner that is non an dependence. But. if imbibing every twenty-four hours and acquire rummy. there is no principle for this. and no dependence is rational. The research worker came up with this survey because of being cognizant of modern engineerings such as phones. tablets. and computing machines and carry oning some studies and interviews to some adolescents like me. Technology has been progressing at an progressively rapid rate. peculiarly over the past decennary. There is seldom a adolescent found without a cell phone clutched in their manus. and virtually every adolescent has entree to their ain computing machine. It is really necessary for teens today to come equipped with a laptop or a Personal computer. Unfortunately engineering dependence has besides become a fast fact of lif e. Definition of FootingsAddictionState of being enslaved to a wont or pattern or to something that is psychologically or physically addictive.HinderTo decelerate or forestall advancement or motion.Technology the subdivision of cognition that trades with the creative activity and usage of proficient agencies and theirinterrelation with life. society. and the environment. pulling upon such topics as industrial humanistic disciplines. technology. applied scientific discipline. and pure scientific discipline. Social networking citations Used to depict any Web site that enables users to make public profiles within that Web site and form relationships with other users of the same Web site who entree their profile such as Facebook. Twitter. etc. Teenager a individual between the ages of 13 and 19 ; an stripling. Health HazardsA wellness at hazardModern TechnologiesAn improved merchandise of the application of scientific discipline. it may be the same with the engineerings before but it was design to do plants more easier. Text Shortcuts Wordss that are made shorter such as â€Å"bcause† . â€Å"y? † . etc. that adolescents use sometimes in composing English. Crucial Phase of DevelopmentA phase of intelligence development of a human.

Set Up a Research Paper Outline - How to Do It

Set Up a Research Paper Outline - How to Do ItYou might be struggling with the problem of how to set up a research paper outline. You have made lots of research and are now stuck with writing a thesis. You know what part to include in your research, but it all seems too complex. The best way to resolve this is to be honest with yourself about what you know and how you intend to use it.When you first sit down to start working on your paper outline, first you need to map out the different parts of the research that you need to cover. You might have already started some research but then you don't remember what you did first. This means that you can pull up any information you need with just a few keystrokes.Another important aspect of the outline is that you should divide up the research in small sections. Some people think they need to finish a whole project in one go. It is not always necessary. You should pick up the pace gradually and make sure that each part of the project is well researched and you have included details.By including details you mean that you give yourself the opportunity to make some revisions and add your own research. In this way you avoid having to do all of the research yourself. Some of the more experienced students have already done most of the research and include a lot of their own work.By dividing the project into sections you will be able to understand exactly where your research is heading. You might have a general idea of where you want to take your project but don't be afraid to take it further. As you build your outline, you should also try to remember to put in as much detail as possible. This will help to give you better research skills and will help you get through the whole project.It is essential that you do not rush your research paper outline. It may be tempting to sit down and write the outline at once, but it is best to hold back for a bit. There is a very good chance that you will forget some things as you try to org anize them into your outline. You should not be so tense that you won't think straight.The best time to write your research paper outline is when you are half way through the project. This will give you a feeling of momentum and you will feel confident about the final result. It is advisable to start writing your paper outline when you are just beginning to work on your project. If you skip writing your paper outline then you may forget some of the details which will cause you problems later on.Writing a research paper outline can be difficult if you have never done it before. It can be confusing if you just haven't learned the right techniques. However, once you learn the tricks of the trade it will become easier.

Research Paper Topics For Frankenstein - Choosing Topic Ideas

Research Paper Topics For Frankenstein - Choosing Topic IdeasThe criteria for selection of the research paper topics for Frankenstein are more or less the same as for the topics of popular novels. When it comes to brainstorming the essay topics for this classic, some would be tempted to make it a brief biography of the author and his life, but that is not the point of this article. The point here is to reveal some options that you can consider in order to create interesting and varied essays.Topic: One might begin by considering the idea of following a character theme from the novel. You could start with the Frankenstein monster and make allusions to the secondary characters who have taken up different traits and shades from the main character. This idea is often used when the author wants to evoke a theme from the novel.Theme: This is the idea that your topic should match up with the general motif of the novel. When an author is inspired by one aspect of the story and proceeds to wr ite about that, it makes sense to draw similar themes from the other aspects.Focus: If your topic matches the theme of the book, then it will become easier to write about the various aspects in an analytical way. That is not to say that you can eliminate irrelevant aspects, but it does mean that you need to be careful about the things that are of most relevance to your own research. You may even be able to combine themes and characters in a way that is more interesting and meaningful than writing directly about them.The author's life and times: It is said that there is something magical about reading about an author's life and times. This is particularly true when the author has lived an interesting life full of great adventures and surprising happenings. These stories are perfect for this sort of essay, and often authors will only give hints to these events or give them to the reader indirectly through small snippets of biography.Theme of the story: The story of Frankenstein includ es lots of scenes of horror and suspense, just as the tales of our most popular books do. This makes it particularly easy to get a good analysis on how that author would relate to the subject of your research paper. This is a great way to build a completely original thesis and essay topic for Frankenstein based entirely on original research that is grounded in the plot of the novel.Structure: Sometimes the theme of the story itself will inspire a structure for the essay. For example, I did a research paper on American Stories and found that themes were a big factor in what made the works so intriguing. We could also use this method for writing a research paper on a literary classic, like Frankenstein.With the many choices for essay topics for Frankenstein, you should find the task quite easy. Just make sure you can write a balanced and compelling essay using all of the options you have for researching and writing.

Tips On Research Paper Topics

Tips On Research Paper TopicsIt is common to find that several students have participated in research paper topics. The purpose of these papers is to see how well you know the topic, and what the difference is between the two. You will find that some students might actually learn more from doing research paper topics than just reading about them.Before doing a research paper, you should actually do your research first. If you do research on the topic, you will also learn about the results of your research. Remember that you will have the opportunity to make mistakes in your research if you do not know what you are doing.You also need to choose your research topics wisely. You can find that most students tend to choose one based on the main topic of their course. This can also be true of you, if you are studying for a subject such as math or language, you might choose a topic that will be more interesting to you than the main topic of your course.Once you decide which topic to choose, you need to write a research paper in which you are actually going to present the results of your own research. Writing this paper is important, because you will also have to present the data you gathered. This is not something that many students even think about, but it is something that is needed to do in order to get the best results from your research.Most students are afraid of doing research paper topics because they worry that they will not have enough time to do it. However, there are many opportunities for you to take part in research paper topics.One of the things that you can do is to join a discussion group, or maybe even a research board. You can ask for help from other students in order to prepare your research paper.You should also have access to a journal in order to publish your research paper topics. You can find that most journals require at least five research paper topics, so you might want to choose subjects that you are interested in and can also include a fe w topics that you already know.The best thing to do is to learn about research paper topics before you actually plan on doing them. As you do this, you will find that you are more prepared for them, and you will get the best results from doing them.

Historical Essay Topics About Slavery

Historical Essay Topics About SlaveryMany teachers and professors use historical essay topics about slavery to teach the historical details of American history. In a course on the American Revolution, for example, students would be well-served by devoting some time in their research to this topic. While the origins of slavery have often been a difficult subject to talk about in class, discussing the history of slavery is an opportunity to delve into the complexity of the subject.Teachers can easily find research questions that focus on specific historical periods, such as the Southern and Caribbean slave trade, the transatlantic slave trade, or the beginning of the African slave trade. Slavery often takes center stage in any history class, because of the presence of the largest institution of the time - the United States. The slave trade between Africa and the Americas also stands out in history classes, especially when considering the conflict that existed in the early colonies over its legality. By focusing on specific periods in American history, teachers can dig into the mind of the average American citizen, providing students with a better understanding of the day-to-day lives of those who lived in the past.Students and teachers may want to start by discussing how the end of the abolitionist movement in the 1850s helped push back against slavery. Of course, the United States has since banned slavery, but did that stop slavery from returning to the southern states? Did this activism set the stage for the struggle that finally led to the Civil War? Historians might also focus on how slavery affected the American history of religion and the Western frontier. In addition, historical research might examine the increased interaction between Native Americans and European settlers, the impact of industrialization, and the discovery of new land.One way to implement these historical essay topics about slavery is to include a class discussion about the topic. At the beginning of the semester, students will choose to attend a brief discussion about the subject, which is organized by the instructor. The discussion should not be so focused on one point of view, but rather should be a discussion of the many ways in which the subject has been handled historically. By understanding how the subject has been treated in the past, students can begin to formulate their own opinions.Once the topic is discussed, students can then begin to write an essay based on the historical essay topics about slavery. Students will be provided information about the proper format for their essay, including how to decide what topics to discuss and how to structure the essay. For example, some students might choose to write an essay about a specific period of history (such as the North and South's struggles over slavery), while others might choose to discuss one subject from several periods of American history. Some students might be interested in exploring a different aspe ct of the subject, while others might want to focus on a specific region of the country. The most important thing is that students write an essay that highlights their own personal opinions, or even an entire thesis.Historical essay topics about slavery, whether in a class or an essay, can be written in many different ways. Some students might want to focus on how the topic has been handled in history books, while others might want to discuss how the topic is being researched or discussed in classrooms. Students might also wish to address specific aspects of the subject, such as its place in the modern world, how it affects the human race, and how it is being used by those who profit from it. In order to do this, students should carefully consider how they are going to tell their story, as they need to make sure that the story tells a good one.Teaching students the historical essay topics about slavery provides them with the ability to read the facts objectively. The student can lea rn about the facts that make up the subject, including who was involved in it, why it happened, and how it was handled. Through this method, students are able to learn about the American history that may not have been as well-known in the past.

A Study on the Psychological Concept of Codependency Essays

A Study on the Psychological Concept of Codependency Essays A Study on the Psychological Concept of Codependency Essay A Study on the Psychological Concept of Codependency Essay A Study on the Psychological Concept of Codependency BY sunytxtn19920410 Is it Addiction to Love or Disease to Please? Key words: codependence, personality, self, early childhood The codependency concept initially originated and evolved within the field of addictions (Hands and Dear, 1995). And in recent years, there has been some increasing interest in using it to bridge the gap between additive behaviors, their impact on family members, and systemic analysis about family dysfunction. As a result, term codependence prominences in the filed of mental health (Hogg Frank, 1992). Cermak (1986) proposes that codependence is both a legitimate psychological concept and an important human disorder, in which symptom includes external focus, excessive caring for others and difficulty in identifying the true self. By studying theory of codependency, I have introspected a lot, finding that some of my own personality traits fit well with the description of codependency. The project will be divided into four parts. Firstly, the project starts with the introduction and distinction of two co-related terms: love addition and codependence disease, with illustration of my own love experience during adolescence. Then, it comes to analysis the manifestation of codependence behaviors, especially related to the term of shame and dissociated self. Thirdly, this project will explore how childrens experience during early childhood impacts his or her disposition of being codependent. Finally, several critical approaches to the theory will be presented. In Women who love too much (1985), Robin Norwood describes women who gain their sense of mission by loving broken, emotionally needy man at expense of self-sacrifice and who blur the boundary of romantic love and suffering itself. She also notes that ometimes, it is through over-involvement in a one-sided, even destructive relation can women achieve sense of control and strength (ibid. ). That makes me connect with my own experience. Adam and I fell in love in high school. He was such a hot, smart guy, with bundles of admires, while I was Just an ordinary, plain-looking girl. Every minute I loved him, I felt fear to lose him. I could not convince myself that men like him would love me for my beauty or talent. I was really afraid of be abandoned. My only defense was to try to make him like me for other reasons. I was willing to do anything for him. I cleaned his room, made lunch for him everyday, and cheered for him during his every basketball game, never absent. IVe almost given up all my personal time to do things for him. Eventually, I did not even wait for him to ask for something, I fgured out what he might want, and gave it to him. Because only by giving could I feel useful and Justified my own existence. Gaining Adams approval for me is my only way to achieve self-esteem and self- actualization. However, it turned out that my niceness to Adam had opposite effect on our relationship. He dumbed me for several times. He explained to his brothers that he did not feel that much attracted by me. After all, all of his ex-girls are gorgeous and brilliant. I have to say that those words made my ego smashed. to beg for forgiveness. And, against all expectations, I accepted. When he got his knees down in front of me, sniveling to me how painful he was without me. I chose to believe him because I need to. But before long, Adam blew me off again. And that time, he explained that it is because I was too nice and that makes him bear too much pressure. I got nothing to refute but agreed tearfully. But once Adam came ack to me, I would say yes once again. I Just could not leave him. I was trapped in the circle of alternately painful and exhilarating of love addition. Even I know it clearly that this pattern of alternating approval and contempt, intimacy and rejection, idealization and devaluation is not healthy, even destructive. I could still not get rid of it. What Adam is to me is like what drugs is to its addict. Addictions to substance and to behavior share lot in common. Just like psychoactive substances such as marijuana, cocaine, alcohol and affect neurotransmission in various pathways of the rain to release chemicals that release nervous tension, the similar impact on the rate of neurotransmission occurs with various compulsive behaviors such as eating, spending or over-caretaking for others to avoid discomfort or social pains (Chelton et al. , 1985). I didnt fully understand that I am more strongly driven by my need to avoid the negative emotion and assault to my self-esteem of Adams rejection and disapproval than I am regain his love, until now. Although Norwood labels such relationship as love addiction, many mental health experts began to use the term odependence to describe essentially the same syndrome. Love addiction has been refined as personality disorder that refers to an enduring and identifiable constellation of inflexible and maladaptive personality traits, which predispose the individual to pathological forms of dependency (for both substance and behavior) (Haaken, 1993). Cermak (1986a, 1986b), points out that Individuals with such emotional disease of codependence usually have obvious symptoms such as avoidance, over-dependence, or self-defeating. It is suggested that codependents develop an excessive sensitivity to the needs of others. To attempt to feel connected to other person, codependents will deny or ignore their own needs. Ultimately, individuals suffer from profound void within the self. They got lost in the relationship. Personality is defined as characteristics that manifest on patterns of behaviors, which are consistent across situations and life. Therefore, it is essential for us to explore the codependent behavior first before we study this personality itself. According to Dears category (2004), codependent behaviors compose of four cores: 1 . Emotional suppression (e. g limited assertion, retarded conscious awareness, ) 2. Self- acrifice (e. g over caring for others at expense of neglecting their own needs,) 3. External focusing (e. g stay focus on others, construct self values on the base of others thoughts) 4. Interpersonal control (e. an entrenched responsibility in ones belief to fix other people problems or feel obligated to rescue them) The consequence that may occur with codependence behavior consists of two parts: a one-sided addictive relationship with substance or toxic person, and the over-reliance of approval and intimacy from others in order to actualize sense of security, self-worth and identity (Wegscheider-Cruse and Cruse, 1990). An interesting point: Timmen Cermak (1991) contends that the distinct between c odependence and other personality world. It is noticeable that, vast majority of codependents, according to Matiatios (2002), is what we may regard as perennial NICE people in our daily life. They are people who are always with warm smile; almost never refuse to do a favor. However, as Matiatos mentions, on the surface these people look happy and bubbly for all the time, but once they look inside themselves, they find nothing but emotional starvation, thus cause subsequent void, depression and even collapse. It is because hat codependents are over perceptive of others but not at all perceptive of themselves. Actually, I perceive myself as a Codependent according to the description above. Not only to Adam, I try my best to treat everyone Nicely. For example, in order not to forget any of my friends birthday, I took a memo on which to take down everyones birthday. I give them birthday gifts even if that means I will have less money to spend on my lunch. I speak to everyone with gentle voice and careful words, fearing that anyone might be offended so that people wont like me anymore. And gradually, IVe become one of the NICEST girls in life. And I enjoy the approval and reliance of my surrounding people. But I frequently get struck into depression or anguished feelings whenever I perceive that someone is not like me as much as I expected or one of my friends did not do anything in return of my pay. For example, when I was in high school, one of my best friends has once forgotten my birthday. No gift, no card, no phone calls, no happy birthday words, she Just did not show up the whole day. I was disappointed, in fact, devastated. I could not stop blaming myself. I believe that if anything goes wrong, it must be my fault. And how ould she do that thing to hurt me? But I was reluctant to go to her to assert myself or to ask why. And I did not manage to emancipate myself from that anguished feeling until she came to me to apologize for her carelessness next day. Till then, I realized how good I am at making myself bad. Just like Braiker (2003) suggests in the Disease to Please , though people-pleaser believe that they are excel at making others happy, the truth is that the real talent lies is making themselves inadequate and miserable. For some time I have been confused about one problem: why couldnt I get rid of my bsession to please others, even if I know it clear that behavior is toxic. hen looking deep into my mind, I think I got the answer: SHAME. I feel shamed of who I am. And I dont have belief in me worthy of love, approval or happiness. In my psycho-logic, only by fulfilling others expectation, can I avoid negative emotions such as rejection or anger towards me. The drive for approval stimulates me to pursue the emotion satisfaction in the same ways even with the pre-knowledge that I might get hurt. For people-pleasers, they are accustomed to camouflaging their true feelings with mask f chronic niceness (out of debilitating fear of conflicts, abandonment and disapproval) (Frances and Miller, 1990). Even worse, the symptom of codependence may develop into dissociation, which is defined by Chu (1998) as a disruption of the normal integration of experience. To explore the formation of personality trait of Competence, we first understand the basic mechanisms that determine all the behaviors. In general, Human behaviors fall into two main categories: innate behavior, which is encrypted into biological code that is our birthright, the other kind of behavior is so-call acquired or learned. Ryckman, 2008) Behavior is determined by experience, based on the principle of reinforcement or conditioning (ibid. ). role of environment stimuli plays the dominant role in ones shape of personality. It is suggested that codependence develops as the result of long-term exposure to a dysfunction family environment in where either (a) physical, sexual, or emotional abuse; (b) neglect; or (c) excessive trauma has been manifested. (Potter-Efron Potter-Efron, 1989a, 1989b). It is noticeable that the environment refers to individuals family of origin, in most cases. Dr. Peter Walker (2005), one of the leading experts in tudying development of childhood trauma, indicates that trauma- based families are most common scenarios where child developed Fawn (synonymous with Codependency) repertoire of instinctive responses to trauma. Fawn, with the definition given by Websters means: to act servilely; cringe and flatter, is defined as the core component of many codependents. (Walker, 2005) Take the growing up of my father as the example. He was raised in a single-parent family with my grandfather who was a heavy drinker then. Like most alcoholics, he changed his moods and behavior like chameleon. Most of time, he was a loving and warming father. But once he got drunk, he could be clod and withholding or irrationally angry and explosive. What worse, grandfather always hit my father and his younger sister when he lost mind after several drinks. And my father used to fght back against the violence, but he was too weak to win. And that protesting to abuse led to even more frightening retaliation. As a result, he relinquished the fght response. And to impose order on chaos, my father changed his strategy. He tried his best to be a nice and good boy to make his dad happy or satisfied. Because he reasoned that if the dad can keep pleased and approving, it is less likely for him to go out for drink, thus the consequence of intoxication will not be as bad. Even if he could not prevent the dad drunk, he learns that avoiding disapproval and criticism of his father is the safest means of survival. Being in a family environment filled with chaos or trauma, children will enter survival mode to protect themselves at the expense of abandoning their identification as children. Because of this sense of powerless, children quickly learned and then accustomed to ignore their inner feelings and needs. Thus, they reject introspection and ultimately disconnect with their self (Kuhot, 1999). And my fathers example demonstrates the point rather well. As an adult, he is both super- caring and super-sensitive. He is so kind and warm-hearted that he almost never refuses to do a favor. But on the other hand, he almost never asserts himself. Sometimes I find him exhausted on taking care of others instead of taking care of himself. However, not all codependents that embodied as approval addiction are from dysfunctional or troubled families. In some families, parents and children are bonded tightly. But the problem of codependence may still occur when parents use inappropriate way to induce child to form his or her value system. In particular, when love is used as a conditional rewards (Braiker, 2004). When child behave decently or show talent for some areas, which please parents well, the parents then labeled them as good, and presumably worthy of love. But once child makes mistakes or fails to performance well in school, the love will be withdrawn. That parental pattern is so-called conditional love, which will be devastating to children, because the parents are in fact setting the stage for their children to be approval ddicts (ibid. ). In the mind ofa little child, it seems that there is no distinct behavior. In families parents pattern of conditional love is frequently reinforced, the sense of the worthiness of the child as a person becomes enmeshed with his or her behavior. Following with that psycho-logic, children will no longer focus on their inner self, because who his or her existence depends on what they do. Doing good things is equated with to being a good person worthy of love. Likewise, doing bad things means you are a bad guy, which indicates that people will leave you alone, and thats hat you deserve. Children who were raised in such environment show an excessive concern with approval of people that they love and respect, especially their parents. To live up to their parents expectation, they even alienate them from their own desires and capacity to self-actualization. In addition, adult approval addicts will response to criticism with intense anxiety due to their emotional baggage from early childhood. And it is suggested that they do not know about their real needs of inner self at all. As for me, I feel very lucky since my parents have performed an unconditional love regard to me. Even if I misbehave myself in some occasions, they always keep telling me that Though you made mistake, I love you the same. Thus constructs the basis of my self-esteem: I am a whole human being, and my worth of being depends on who I am, not how others think I am. Nevertheless, I also found myself extremely obsessive about the approval from my mum. She is the most perfect creature IVe ever met on this planet. She is gorgeous, kind, brilliant, and tremendously strong. I have been worshiped my mum for years as idol. To gain her approval is highest honor and greatest encourage for me. As the result, I work hard to live up with her expectation for me, without asking myself what do I really want. Mellody (1989) suggests that it is generally accepted that codependency is pervasive phenomenon observed in everyday life and a personality disorder that treatment needed. As the popularity of appeal of the codependency construct increased, a more precise understanding of codependency has been stymied by the lack substantiate research, to test whether it is a useful diagnostic category (Cermak, 1986a). In addition, many scholars have called the utility and validity of this theory nto question (Haaken, 1990). Moreover, social and cultural factors have been neglected. Prest and Storm suggests (1988) that further exploration of codependence should focus more on similarities and differences among various ethic groups. Moreover, codependence theory is critiqued for its ubiquitous diagnosis which requires expensive professional treatment cost. And it has been controversial about the creation to diagnose codependence. For example, based on the definition of external focus on others, it can be concluded that each of us will be more or less diagnosed as having the symptom. Thus creates an ambiguous boundary to identify this concept. Moreover, critics towards its function of value proposition, the so-called selfish egoism. Because based on the existing framework, one can only be Judged normal or self-esteem when he/ she behaves extreme self-centric. However, as far as I am concern. The criticism which matter most is the gender bias underlying. Codependency is usually described as a typical famine malady. In fact, woman accounts for vast majority of 80 percent of membership in ACOA(Adult Children of Alcoholi) (Haaken,2002) It is controversial that whether therapist should treat odependency distinct psychiatric disorder (Dore et al. 1995). Based on a feminist roles in relationship. In conclusion, codependence is now acknowledged as a mental disorder, of which manifestation of addictive behavior. Patterned behaviors means that codependency can be defined as personality traits as well. In most cases, such personality traits are typical in trauma-based family, where children learn to survive through closeness of their inner world. However, it can be seen from the example of my growing that appropriate way of induce child to build their value system in early hildhood matters as well, or dysfunction will occur the same. Though experience a lot of controversy, theory of codependency inspired us to introspect of our inner world all the time. To ask you inner self, are you the real master of you mind and body? Words counts: 3070 Reference: Chelton, L. G. , Bonney, W. C. (1987). Addiction, affects and self object theory. Psychotherapy, 24, 40-46. Cermak, T. L. , (1986b). Diagnostic criteria for codependency. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 18(1), 15-20. Cermak,T. L. (1986). Diagnosticcriteriaforcodependency. JournalofPsychoactiveDrug ,18(1),15-20. Braiker. H. B (2003) the disease to please Publisher: McGraw-Hill Beattie, M. 1993) Codependent no more: how to stop controlling others and start caring for yourself . Center City, MN: Hazelden, York: Guilford. Hands, M. A. and Dear, G. E. , (1995) Codependency: A critical review. Drug and Alcohol Review, 13, 437-445. Hogg, J. A. and Frank, M. L. , (1992) Toward an interpersonal model of codependence and contradependence. OJournal of Counseling and Development , 70, 371-375. Haaken. J (1993) A1-Anon to ACOA: Codependence and restructure of caregiving Signs, vol. 18, NO 2 PP 321-345 Kohut, H. (1999). The analysis of the self. New York: International University Press. Lancer, D (2004) Shame: the core addiction to codependence. Mellody. P,. (1989). Facing codependence. San Francisco: Harper. Potter-Efron, R. T. , Potter-Efron, P. S. (1989a). Assessment of co-dependency with individuals from alcoholic and chemically dependent families. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 6(1), 37-57. OPotter-Efron, R. T. , Potter-Efron, P. S. (1989b). Outpatient co-dependency treatment. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 6(1), 151-167. (1988). The codependent relationship sof compulsive eaters and drinkers:Drawing arallels. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 16(4), 339-350. POTTER-EFRONR. , POTTER-EFRONP S. (1989). Assessment of codependency with individuals from alcoholic and chemically dependent families. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 6, 37-57. Ryckman, R. (2008) Theories of Personality. Belmont [Calif. ]: Thomson Wadsworth, Wegscheider-Cruse, S. , Cruse, J. R. (1990). Understanding codependency. Deeriield Beach, FL: Health Communications. Shaffer, H. J. , Robbins, M. (1991). Manufacturing multiple meanings of addiction: Time-limited realities. Contemporary Family Therapy, 17, 387-404.

Presidents Elected Without Winning the Popular Vote

Presidents Elected Without Winning the Popular Vote Five U.S. presidents have taken office without winning the popular vote. In other words, they did not receive a plurality regarding the popular vote. They were elected, instead, by the Electoral College- or in the case of John Quincy Adams, by the House of Representatives after a tie in the electoral votes. They were: Donald J. Trump, who lost by 2.9 million votes to Hillary Clinton in the  2016 election.George W. Bush,  who lost by 543,816 votes to Al Gore in the  2000 election.Benjamin Harrison,  who lost by 95,713 votes to  Grover Cleveland  in 1888.Rutherford B. Hayes, who lost by 264,292 votes to Samuel J. Tilden in 1876.John Quincy Adams,  who lost by 44,804 votes to  Andrew Jackson  in 1824. Popular vs. Electoral Votes Presidential elections in the United States are not popular vote contests. The writers of the Constitution configured the process so that only the members of the House of Representatives would be elected by popular vote. The Senators were to be selected by state legislatures, and the president would be selected by the Electoral College. The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1913, making the election of senators to occur through popular vote. However, presidential elections still operate under the electoral system. The Electoral College is made up of representatives who are generally selected by the political parties at their state conventions. Most states except Nebraska and Maine follow a winner-take-all principle of electoral votes, meaning that whichever partys candidate wins a states popular vote for the presidency will win all of that states electoral votes. The minimum electoral votes a state can have is three, the sum of a states senators plus representatives: California has the most, with 55. The Twenty-Third Amendment gave the District of Columbia three electoral votes; it has neither senators nor representatives in Congress. Since states vary in population and many popular votes for different candidates can be quite close within an individual state, it makes sense that a candidate might win the popular vote across the entire United States but not win in the Electoral College. As a specific example, lets say the Electoral College is only made up of two states: Texas and Florida. Texas with its 38 votes goes entirely to a Republican candidate but the popular vote was very close, and the Democratic candidate was behind by a very small margin of only 10,000 votes. In the same year, Florida with its 29 votes goes entirely to the Democratic candidate, yet the margin for the Democratic win was much larger with the popular vote win by over 1 million votes This could result in a Republican win at the Electoral College even though when the votes between the two states are counted together, the Democrats won the popular vote. Calls for Reform In general, it is very rare for a president to win the popular vote yet lose the election. Although this has only happened five times in U.S. History, it has occurred twice in the current century. In 2016, Donald Trump lost the popular election by nearly 3 million votes, about 2% of the total votes cast. Discussion for reform of the Electoral College dates to the first years of the Constitution and has frequently been the topic of scholarly discussion. Defenders of the Electoral College argue that its violations of majority rule are an example of constitutional provisions that require super-majorities to take action. The Electoral College allows a minority to take an action- that is to select a president- and it is the only device of its kind in the Constitution. The primary way to change it is to amend the Constitution. Since the way states count votes can affect who wins and who loses, electoral reform is by its nature political: if a party is in power, the method used to get it there is not likely to be a target of change. Despite the current climate in that Democrats support change while Republicans do not, scholars believe that the situation is only temporarily one that swings towards one party or another: One proposal called the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC) is a sub-national reform to the Electoral College in which states agree to commit their electoral votes, as a unit, to the winner of the aggregate, national vote.  Sixteen states have signed on to date, some of which are Republican-controlled. One major purpose of the Electoral College was to balance the power of the electorate so that votes in states with small populations would not (always) be overpowered by larger-populated states. Bipartisan action is required to make its reformation possible. Sources and Further Reading Bugh, Gary, ed. Electoral College Reform: Challenges and Possibilities. London: Routledge, 2010.Burin, Eric, ed. Picking the President: Understanding the Electoral College. University of North Dakota Digital Press, 2018.Colomer, Josep M. The Strategy and History of Electoral System Choice. The Handbook of Electoral System Choice. Ed. Colomer, Josep M. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. 3-78.Goldstein, Joshua H., and David A. Walker. The 2016 Presidential Election Popular-Electoral Vote Difference. Journal of Applied Business and Economics 19.9 (2017).Shaw, Daron R. The Methods Behind the Madness: Presidential Electoral College Strategies, 1988–1996. The Journal of Politics 61.4 (1999): 893-913.Virgin, Sheahan G. Competing Loyalties in Electoral Reform: An Analysis of the U.S. Electoral College. Electoral Studies 49 (2017): 38–48.