Nvq 2 Health and Social Essay Example for Free

Nvq 2 Health and Social EssayPersonal centred approach is when carers take interest in what service users prefer and use this when providing care. Also, its thinking intimately the service users choices, right, protecting their privacy and dignity, supporting their independence and working in partnership with them and other colleagues to make the care better. 2. Person centre approach enables individuals with mania to be involved in their own care and support because carers can talk to the resident and find out how they prefer things to be done, how they like to be spoken to and cared for so staff can give the silk hat care in the way that suits them. Outcome 21.Information about personality and life storey can be used to support an individual to live thoroughly with dementia because if they have a good written history it can protagonist with communication, knowing what the person likes and dislikes if they are unable to tell you. Having a good life history can be used to support and live well because it helps people know more about someone, and look after them better meaning knowing how the like things. Outcome 31. All these things make up personal centred approach. Before giving someone care or help with something if we think about all these things and what the service user prefers we can provide the best possible care for them. Also, if were providing good care and the service user is happy then they start to feel comfortable and will tell us more about their choices and preferences so were able to provide our care at a even higher standard. link

The Worlds best ever performance Essay Example for Free

The Worlds best ever performance EssayWhen he got back to London he calmed himself and traveled back to Glasgow the next morning. Here he waited until Sven phoned him and announced the date of the next England fight back. He also told Douglas that the player who shouted at him was drunk and didnt have sex what he was saying.Weeks later Douglas next match was only a few days away. He was hardened by his abuse and even more refractory to play well in this match. When he finally jogged out onto the pitch the mixture of cheers and boos pumped him up to his best performance. On the pitch, Douglas was everywhere but as the match continued it became much like the next. He only got the ball when he managed to intercept his own teams pass and in his state of determination he knocked over an opposing player who was trying to tackle him. He was given a yellow card. The opposing team took a free kick.After the match Douglas headed out of the back entrance of the ground hoping to avoid an gry hooligans but there were still plenty there, what he thought looked like thousands of people.They were shouting comments, You Scotch pillock We hate you You suck Youre rubbish Were not goin to listen to your excuses even wit your crappy Scottish accent. The people shouted, Who do you think you are acting for us?Later that day Douglas went into negotiations with the British Football Association. He wanted to know what they were going to do about the hooligans and players giving him abuse. He was very angry. What he was told by the BFA wasnt a great help either. They had agreed in a unanimous decision that Douglas should leave the team. They told him that it was because during his first two games he hadnt contributed to the final result. They told him he had hindered the team.At this comment Douglas went crazy, he tipped up his desk and rushed from the building so fast that a glass fell from another table.During the next course of study of qualifying for the Europeans, England had numerous injuries. Some of the better known players were out, including Beckham, Owen and Cole. England dealed some good new players. With only one week to go before the Europeans began the BFA phoned Douglas and said, We need your help Doug. It was Sven.Yu du? Realli. I wuldn hve guessed tha. Said Douglas, who was still hurt about his first two matches for England.Douglas spent about half the weeks discussing terms and when it was finally settled he was flown down to London in a private Leah Jet.He arrived in the stadium and boldly walked through a mass of confused supporters. They had not evaluate to see him back and had not been told by the press. Douglas was very confident and had a very good feeling about this game.The whistle blew and the game began. England played solidly and Poland, whom they had beaten in the first round of qualifying, did as well. However, the final score was England seventeen, Poland nil. Out of the seventeen goals scored Douglas had scored fifteen. This was the most goals scored at International level by each one player in any one match. It was a new World Record.After this match, Douglas watched The News something which he had refused to do ever since his earlier eff for England. The same reporter as that time said in a bewildered voice, The Worlds best ever performance by a truly dandy player.The other reporter then said, Yes it was. Literally. That match will be played on international television for centuries to come. Compared to the Scots last two England games it was more than jus whipstitching a World record it was like beating twenty. This will open so many doors for McDonald and its a good present for his twenty-forth Birthday last week.AS Douglas grew older he wrote a book on his experiences and discrimination. It became a best-seller and now hes a World record holder in Football and Literacy.

Factors That Attract Tourist To The Caribbean Tourism Essay

Factors That Attract Tourist To The Caribbean Tourism EssayIt is considered to be the most important aspect of the hospitality manufacture, to demonstrate high levels of quality service. The hospitality industry emanates from the principle that the customer needs to be treated with priority, and should bring in incomparable value in the service delivered. Customers will be willing to spend their exist dollar on serve that surpass their expectations. On the contrary, dissatisfaction with service rendered will adjudge customers look elsewhere for value offerings from the competition.Some hospitality Industries may entrust the best service, but if these industries argon not efficient and forward-looking with services offered, they may lose an important customer and several other referrals. These industries have to be cognizant that if their customers are not satisfied, they may lose the opportunity to break so far and to keep their doors open. Understanding that customers are the wind that keeps the company above ground, they have to keep learning how to constantly innovate to meet high expectations and provide good service. The customer should be the center of your universe and the services provided should be intentional around your customer.Quality in the hospitality industry overly involves consistent delivery of products and improved customer services according to expected standards. They are non-homogeneous tools that measure and improve quality service, as well as mechanisms for quality recognition in the hospitality industry. One much(prenominal) mechanism is the systematic rule of Quality assurance which refers to any planned and activity directed towards providing consumers with goods and service of appropriate quality, along with the confidence that they meet customer requirements.The hospitality industry thrives on convenience. If your customer service is missing this essential ingredient, your business wont last long unless you bring ab out changes that demonstrate your commitment to customer satisfaction. Hospitality industries were construct to offer the basics of convenience to customers. Today, as the industry is expanding and the competition is growing, hotel conglomerates are getting innovative and thinking of means to achieve the highest standards in convenience offerings. Customers are now making their decision on which Hotel they stay base on remarks made about the accommodation from previous quest. So it is essential that these industries ensure that they book high level of customer satisfaction to grow customer visit/stay.Unlike the Hospitality Industry, some services and goods manufacturers will never meet with customers verbalism to face. They often will only ensure that the product gets to the customer and satisfy their needs. However the Hospitality Industry kindlenot offer this same method of services. The industry toilette never survive unless customers get and feel of what they are buying int o. These industries are service lie, but retail industry speaks to good for resale. Retail companies have their cuddle of challenges too, they have to figure out where they are going to manufacture it, how to get the product to the market who wants to sell it, and once its in the market how to promote it. crimson with all the challenges faced by the retail industries the hospitality industries face greater difficulties as they have to use the same service be constantly innovative in keeping the demand for such(prenominal) product lucrative. Hence matchless can assume that the hospitality industries require far more attention to have its relevanceCOMMUNITY-BASED TOURISMPROS-Community-based touristry is an secondary tourism product being developed in Jamaica and to some -extent, in the Caribbean region. The intent behind this ethnical up-close opportunity is to meet the varying needs of the local anaesthetic and overseas vacationers seeking a natural get down. Traditional to urists in search of sun, sand and sea still persevere the largest segment of the tourism market. There is, however, a growing market for an alternative tourism product that is heritage-, ethnical- or nature-based in a rural setting. This presents an opportunity for Jamaica to sit itself to offer a wide array of tourism products. Community tourism is not a brand of tourism, but rather a type of ownership and management arrangement. One set of alternative tourism products focuses on Jamaicas history, socialization and nature-based attractions in rural communities outside the main resort areas. This method of tourism is one or a combination of tourism products offered at a community level to domestic or international visitors. In the Jamaican context, community-based tourism unremarkably refers to visitor interaction with local people in rural areas.This based tourism has the potential to significantly boost employment. Community tourism is about naked as a jaybird levels of rela tionships between the host country (Jamaica) and the visitors. What is a appealing to the visitor is found among the varied natural attractions, local resources and talents, and indigenous attributes of the Jamaican communities. Community based tourism enables tourists to discover local habitats and wildlife, and celebrates and respects traditional cultures, rituals and wisdom. The community will be aware of the commercial and social value placed on their natural and cultural heritage through tourism, and this will foster community based conservation of these resources.Community-based tourism affords travelers with rare opportunities to experience local communities first hand. Its distinctive in that it provides an alternative to development thats not sustainable, giving rural and poor communities an additional source of income in supporting community-based tourism you can immerse yourself in the day-to-day lives of local and indigenous people while helping them to preserve their en vironment and cultural heritage. The residents earn income as land managers, entrepreneurs, service and produce providers, and employees. At least leave-taking of the tourist income is set aside for projects which provide attains to the community as a whole. Tourists will spend time near areas that are rich in culture and biodiversity, and, at the same time, will get to know the locals at the grassroots level.CONS-Whilst many will argue that community-based tourism will strengthen the local structures of the communities they are others that will say that it has seen some negative impact of the same or no impact at all. In many cases, tourism does not benefit local people as too much money is spent on imported goods or with foreign tour operators and only urban areas see some economic benefits, Money generated by tourism does not always benefit the local community, as some of it leaks out to huge international companies, such as hotel chains.When tourism sectors arent properly moni tored, its impacts can be grave. Trending from land and housing taking over for tourism infrastructure, eroding social and cultural norms, whilst encourage pray and prostitution. Successful community-based tourism relies on establishing a basic infrastructure, such as roads, visitor centers and hotels. The cost of this usually falls on the government, and is funded by tax revenues. Jobs created by tourism are often seasonal and poorly paid, yet tourism can push up local property prices and the cost of goods and services.Destinations dependent on tourism can be adversely affected by events such as terrorism, natural disasters and economic recession. Visitor behavior can have a detrimental effect on the quality of life of the host community. For example, crowding and congestion, drugs and alcohol problems, prostitution and change magnitude crime levels can occur. Tourism can even infringe on human rights, with locals being displaced from their land to piddle way for new hotels or b arred from beaches. Interaction with tourists can also lead to an wear of traditional cultures and values. Tourism poses a threat to a regions natural and cultural resources, such as water supply, beaches, coral reefs and heritage sites, through overuse. It also causes increased pollution through traffic emissions, littering, increased sewage production and noise.Communities are encouraged to weigh the cost of these project and development to ensure that the introductions and implementations of these community oriented tourism, will bring about more benefits in the development of its social, environmental and economical framework.Factors that attract tourist to the Caribbean-The Caribbean region attracts tourist seeking a family or exotic romantic getaway, or a sunny break from the harsh cold winters of their countries. Offering year-round sunny, tender weather with cool breezes, tropical beaches, cultural carnivals, peace and tranquility and delicious sustenance its perfect vaca tion location, especially for Canadians, Europeans and Americans.Ease of AccessFor most people living in the northern hemisphere, the Caribbean is the speedy getaway destination where they can be on a beach with a colorful drink in one to four hours. The Bahamas, for instance, has islands that are besides 50 miles away from Florida. This has made the Caribbean a favorite of many travelers and contributes to tourist growth. Airlines continue to create more flights such as the JetBlue route from both capital of Massachusetts and New York to the Turks and Caicos. And for those who prefer not to fly, there are several cruise ship options. These include the Royal Caribbean Cruises that visit the Bahamas, St. Thomas and the Disney Cruise Lines, which are trim for families.CostAs noted above, there are many options for getting to the Caribbean. as a result, reaching the region is equally affordable, especially when compared with other destinations in Europe, Asia and even parts of Latin America. You can find an affordable ticket for a quick trip during off season when there are less tourists. And for large islands with airports that are hubs for air carriers, like the Bahamas and Puerto Rico, cheap tickets are available almost year round. And upon arriving, visitors can bask themselves without going broke. Save, for sure, if they choose to shop at prime luxury stores, this affordability is an essential factor in the regions tourism growth.The mild and tropical climate along with the long and extensive soft sand beaches, the deal trees aligning the beaches and the sweet aroma of the tropical flowers and fruits in the air, has rendered much to the Tourism in Caribbean. The lush green environment, the charming sunrise and sunset views, the turquoise lagoon, the warm waters of the ocean and spectacular views of the sea, all combine together to make the Caribbean countries perfect spots for an unforgettable holiday retreat.While in the Caribbean tourist also shop. T hey shop for various products including garments, beachwear, shoes, accessories, souvenirs, gifts and handicrafts. The small shops along the beaches are ideal places to shop for the local artistic goods at reasonable prices.AccommodationsThe Caribbean has a variety of accommodations from high-end luxury resorts to get by and breakfasts and everything in between. These options mean that visitors of all economic levels can come to the region. But in addition to the accommodations is the affordable cost. Resorts and hotels continue to present competitively priced accommodations that attract visitors. natureThe Caribbean has been visited by tourists since the 1800s, and tales of its beauty and relaxing environment precede it. In fact, the Royal Victorian Hotel was built in the Bahamas during the American Civil War, one of the first such establishments in the region. This continuing good reputation makes it easy for tourists to visit for the first time or return for a repeat vacation. A lso, the region is known for being safe, alleviating concern from families and single visitors.Events and ConferencesEvents and Conferences are also major reason people travel. The Caribbean is the perfect destination for conferences and event planners. Its natural beauty and climate is just amazing.QuestionnairesWhat is it that you do exactly?What do you enjoy most about your blood?What are the roles and responsibilities of a hotel manager?What job specific tasks did you performed in your previous hotel?What is your area of learning?What are some of your weak points?What qualifications, skills and abilities do you have?Can you tell state some of the different sectors in the hotel industry?AnswersWhat is it that you do exactly?I am responsible for the entire operation at the Spanish court hotel, making sure that all our guests are happy and want to come derriere and also recommend our hotel to their family, friends and colleagues. Its fun to work closely with all the different He ads of Department towards the same goal of offering excellent guest services.What do you enjoy most about your job?To be fortunate to do what I am passionate about. I love all the various aspects of the capital urban center hotel. Its the contact with the guests at the lobby, welcoming them to our executive lounge, inviting peoplefor a thrilling wine and dinner in one of our amazing restaurants, as well as Working with colleagues and associates. Am swollen with pride of what I do, and of the hotel I work for.What are the roles and responsibilities of a hotel manager?A hotel manager has to perform large trope of important roles and responsibilities. He or she must ensure that the hotel is been managed properly and is required to prepare a yearly reports and submit them to the hotel owner. They even set hotel service standards as well as choose extra services or amenities to make the hotel more appealing to travelers.What job specific tasks did you performed in your previous hotel?T he job specific tasks which I performed include training newly recruited seeants, creating and delivering the payroll records, managing records of employees, motivating employees and managing different programs and seminars to increase efficiency of workers. I even handled and coordinated the food and crapulence operations for a period of time.What is your area of skill?I have specialization in financial and strategic planning, profit and loss management, hotel administration, accounts maintenance, marketing, housekeeping, food and crapulence management, catering and maintenance.What are some of your weak points?This is a nice question which gives you an excellent opportunity to put an optimistic turn on something negative. You have to make for your negatives into positives. Like in weakness you can say that I am way too focused towards my work and I think I should make time for myself. It is very important to be prepared for an interview. During the course of an interview, you may be asked a variety of questions. Just one bad answer can stand out and cost you the job. So be prepare and practice well before interview.What qualifications, skills and abilities do you have?I have plenty experience in this field, possess good knowledge in all phases, departments and shifts of hotel operations. I have supreme guest relation skills especially in creating special touches and solution guest problems and concerns. I have strong computer skills and I can easily operate hotel systems. I have worked successfully in team as well as individual work environment.Can you state some of the different sectors in hotel industry?Sectors in hotel industry are housekeeping, accounting, maintenance, public relations, security, sales, food and beverages, and front office.Housekeeping this sector is responsible for the spreading of beds and making sure the rooms is kept up to standard for our guest.Accounting maintain the general and secondary ledgers process and record all reve nues and prepare general purpose financial statements.Maintenance This department is responsible for the condition of engineering facilities that contribute to the comfort of guest and increase the efficiency of staff.Public relation- responsible for managing the flow ofinformationbetween our hoteland thepublic.Security to protect the guests and staffs of the hotel, including all of our assets.Sales- The sales department is the channel of how well our services are introduced to the marketplace.Food and Beverages this Department is responsible for maintaining high quality food and service, food costing, managing restaurants, bars, etc.Front office Members of the front-office staff welcome the guests, help with their luggage, and assist in registering, provide them with their room keys and mails, answer questions about the activities in the hotel and surrounding area.

Cellular Metabolism and the Immune Response Control

Cellular Metabolism and the Immune Response ControlPRESTES, A. F. R. O.1 KONDO, F. V.2 HUETE, G. C.3 MURILLO, O.4Keywords mTOR, transfiguration, Akt, resistant system, edict, mitochondria, inflammatory and anti-inflammatoryI. IntroductionMetabolism and immune system The metabolous system was seen only as a system of power generation and metabolites for the functioning of cadres. Today we know that changes in metabolic regulation whitethorn intervene directly in diseases that involve inflammatory carry throughes. Thus, knowledge of the human relationship in the midst of metabolism and cell signaling helps in beneathstanding metabolic disorders, cancer, and besides in the study of immune response (1,2).The relationship between metabolic and regulatory aspects of the immune system is non yet fully known. Even with major discoveries on the subject, the metabolism of many cells of the immune system is unknown (1,2). The metabolic changes during phagocytosis of three types of i mmune cells from pigs, leukocytes and peritoneal exudate monocytes and alveolar macrophages. In this study it was observed that macrophages expect on aerophilic phosphorylation to produce energy during phagocytosis, whereas the other two cells only use glycolysis to produce energy (3). Another study confirms the close relationship between immune system and metabolism, which showed that incubation of dendritic cells ( diametriciated in vitro) with LPS provides an increase in glucose consumption, change magnitude formation of lactate and reduction in atomic number 8 consumption. Furthermore, these changes also reflected in increased CD86 co-stimulatory molecule indicating a functional modulation of these cells (4). The need for metabolic resources to build active components of the immune system, the messenger function of certain classes of metabolites and metabolites, and the intimate relationship between parasite and mammalian defense mechanism, which is probably immune regulator y events argon reflected in the metabolism (5).The metabolic profile of the cells of the immune system is also intrinsic to provide a tool that generates a systemic metabolic description generate by the parasite in the host, promoting a new bang of the immune response during infection by the parasite (5). In most biological systems, there is a stimulus that triggers an effecter response, which usually makes the system can to the starting point. Although having different primary functions, the immune system and metabolic highroads are arranged in the same manner as in serum glucose levels in thermogenesis or bacterial infection, where the lipopolysaccharide stimulates TLR-4 receptor, which promotes the release of TNF-, improving bactericidal activity and vascular permeability reducing infection (2).Metabolism and associated pathways Akt/PI3K/mTOR As well as the metabolic pathways generate energy, the means of regulation of protein synthesis involves several intracellular signa ling pathways much(prenominal) as Akt as Akt (serine/threonine kinase), expressed in heart, lung, brain and skeletal muscle. heterogeneous(a) stimuli, such as cytokines, growth factors and hormones, are accountable for the phosphorylation and activation of Akt, which is composed of three members, Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3 (6). The Akts proteins are recruited to the plasma membrane by PI3K, which acts as a lipoid kinase. The Akt/PI3K pathway operates in promoting cell survival by means of evasion of programmed cell death and cell proliferation through activation of mTOR in response to nutrient availability and to arousal by growth factors. The mTOR protein stimulates variation that is required for cell cycle progression (7).mTORC1 activation is indirectly given when Akt phosphorylates TSC-2 one of the molecules of heterodimer TSC1 and TSC2, this activates the GTPase function of this heterodimer which reverses the forbiddance of mTORC1, inhibiting RHEB to pass the adenosine dipho sphate to adenosine triphosphate linked to this protein, by activation of cyclase function of the TSC heterodimer (8). Akt phosphorylation is alpha for neutralization and PRAS40, important for the activation and interactions mTOR1 and mTOR2 with their substrates (9). Thus, the mTOR pathway is also known as PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Despite the four-fold substrates problematic in this pathway. Additionally, Akt is not limited to this path and fulfills other functions at the cellular level.Metabolism and mTOR Mammalian Target of Rapamycin is a serine/threonine protein kinase intricate in regulation of many cellular events, such growth, survival, function, metabolism, and specialty. It is constitutively expressed, and its regulation occurs predominantly post-translationally (7). This protein was discovery from searches about target of Rapamycin, that was originally found as a growth inhibitor which have immunosuppressant and anticancer properties (10). Additionally, due to the ability of mT OR activation to regulate metabolism, it promotes a crucial link connecting metabolic demands and cellular function (7). This link is mediated through the have of key transcriptional regulators. (11).mTOR fathers two functionally distinct signaling multi-protein complexes mTORC1, which is composed of the scaffolding regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (RAPTOR), DEP domain containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR), Proline-Rich Akt Substrate 40 kDa (PRAS40), and mammalian Lethal with Sec13 protein 8 (mLST8) and mTORC2, which is composed of RAPTOR-independent swain of TOR (RICTOR), protein observed with RICTOR (PROTOR), mSIN1 proteins, mLST8 and DEPTOR. The connection of mTOR with these adapter proteins has functional distinct consequences (3,4).II. Metabolism and T cells differentiationSuch described previously, the mTOR ability to play a role in cellular differentiation occurs through the regulation of transcription regulators. Follow, some these regulators and its role in me tabolic programs regulation.HIF-1 The Hipoxia-inducible Factor is a hetrodimeric protein which regulates the expression of various genes crucial for cellular adaptation to a low-oxygen environment. This protein supports the differentiation of nave CD4+ T cell to Th17 cell through the stabilization of the RORt expression, as well as inhibits Treg differentiation through the inhibition of Foxp3, mediating its proteosomal degradation (3,5).Myc The oncogenic transcription factor Myc regulates various metabolic pathways essentials for cellular growth and proliferation, such glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and fatty acid oxidation (14).PPAR The peroxisome proliferator-excited receptor (PPAR) is a thermonuclear hormone receptor that regulates fatty acid metabolism and glucose homeostasis, playing a role as a intracellular sensor of endogenous fatty acids. This receptor induces Treg differentiation and inhibits effector differentiation (11).PPAR Like its homolog PPAR, PPAR is a nuclear hormon e receptor that regulates adipogenesis, lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis in cells. This receptor plays the same role in T cell differentiation (11).SREBP The sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP) plays a critical role in adjust cellular lipogenesis, facilitating the anabolic enzymes transcription, which is involved in cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis (11). This protein was found to associate with the IL17 promoter, where it interacts with and inhibits the activity of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. This transcription factor is known to be important for expression of Th17-associated genes (5,7). erstwhile the antigen is recognized, the integration of many factors from the microenvironment gives the effector fate of the naive CD4+ T cell. Until now, the T-cell subsets have been characterized only by their transcription factor expression and cytokine secretion profile. Nevertheless, it has currently proposed that each T-cell subset also hold a single metabolic profile and a corresponding set of signal requirements of mTOR complexes (11).According this metabolic classification, the T-cell would present these featuresTh1 T cells phenotype divulge a strong glycolytic phenotype and express lofty levels in surface of the Glut1 glucose takeer. Its development is dependent on the mTORC1 signaling complex (3,8).Th2 T cells phenotype also express high levels in surface of the Glut1 glucose transporter and exhibits a high rate of lactate work and glucose uptake following stimulation. These cells can develop in absence of mTORC1 hardly are dependent on the mTORC2 signaling complex (3,8).Th17 cells phenotype is the higher glycolytic T-cell subset. The IL-17-secreting CD4+ T cells development drastically decreases in T cells absentminded mTOR, mTORC1 and treated with Rapamycin. Nevertheless, T cells lacking mTORC2 does not appear to have its development curb (3,8).Treg cells phenotype exhibits an oxidative metabolic profile which uses mitochond rial respiration and fatty acid oxidation to achieve energy. The treatment with process of glycolysis inhibitor compounds in naive CD4+ T cells importantly enhance its development, what also occurs with culture conditions that conduces to a low mTOR signaling (3,8).III. canon of cell B by mTORCThe PI3K pathway to mTOR is required for B cell proliferation. Since the BCR is blocked by inhibition of mTOR. This was evidenced in mouse spleen cells, wherein inhibition of mTOR suppresses the proliferation and differentiation of B cells by CD40 (10,11). In humans, Rapamycin suppresses B cell proliferation when is activated in the aim of CD40L and B cell inducing cytokines. Rapamycin prevents antibody-mediated apoptosis, generating a reduction of B cells that produce IgG and IgM, also suppresses the production of cytokines that induce proliferation of B cells and IgM, as IL-2 in inflammation conditions (18).Some authors bring up that mTOR regulates IL-17, which is important in the prolife ration of pro-B cells. Thus, if rapamycin in B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines is evidence that IL-17 induces apoptosis in these cells is used. But when S1N1, an important element of mTORC2, is suppressed cell survival is increased possibly by the increased expression of IL-7R (20). In mature B cells, activation of TLRs and BCR induces activation of mTOR, even so, have been identified as Akt independently of mTOR regulates the BCR and this is accomplished by inactivating FoxO1 which is sequestered and degraded in cytoplasm after Akt is phosphorylated (21).When is deleted TSC1 or TSC2, is inhibited the maturation of cells B, contrary to what happened when Akt was active, in where B cells were significantly reduced in the marginal zone (MZ). But when rapamycin was fed this phenomenon was corrected, and once again the importance of mTOR is displayed in the control populations of B cells in MZ. Despite all the evidence to date is known that the PI3K pathway is a major regulatory functions and populations of B cells through regulating FoxO1. But do not have enough information to indicate the direct role of mTOR in the control and regulation of B cells, which is still under study and demonstration (22).IV. Metabolism and APCs Regulationdendritic Cells (DC) crucial regulators of both cellular activation and margin in adaptive immune responses. The function which DC will perform depends on their activation and differentiation status (23).The DC activation occurs through PAMP stimulation of TLR, what leads a metabolic transition in the resting light-green DC, which is characterized by a conversion from mitochondrial b-oxidation of lipid and OXPHOS to aerobic glycolysis (9,10).Once exposed to TLR agonists, in an early phase, the lacking of glucose in culture medium leads to critical faults in DC activation, such production of IL-12p40 and surface expression of CD40 and CD86. Afterwards, DCs activated by TLR signals are highly dependent on glucose for survival, becoming more sensitive to apoptosis by nutrient limitation. Thus, for full DC activation is essential initiating glycolysis at the prison term (9,10).Differently than OXPHOS, glycolytic pathway may be requested due to the necessity to produce substrates which will be used during DC activation. As an option, glycolytic pathway components can control protein translation and can be responsible to regulate the translation of crucial proteins for DC activation (24).Macrophagues Macrophages can be classified into two major groups M1 (inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory). And each type of macrophage used different metabolic pathways, M1 uses energy primarily anaerobic glycolysis, mediated by HIF-1, while M2 employs FAO mediated PPAR and PGC-1 (26). Evidencing with this, the relationship with of the metabolic function and and the population of macrophages. This regulation may be mediated by mTOR, which is an important nutrient sensor / power as processes such as protein sy nthesis, autophagy, glycolysis and regulation of immune response, de novo lipogenesis, among others. (27)Natural killer cells (NK cells) The NK cells rapamycin inhibits proliferation by blockade of the cell cycle in G1 phase in rat. Nevertheless, rapamycin does not affect interferon production by NK cells. When mTOR is inhibited in vitro, the death of T-cell YEC-1mediated by NK cells decreases slightly. In vivo, rapamycin reduces the number of NK cells in rat colored allografts (10).Neutrophils Human neutrophil is inhibited the chemotaxis and chemokinesis induced by GM-CSF, when rapamycin is delivered. The same way, the response to IL-8. Rapamycin reduces polymerization of actin, important for leukocyte migration. mTORC1 is linked in activation of neutrophils and acute lung injury in association with TLR2 and TLR4 (18).V. Mitochondrial metabolism and regulation of immune responseEffect Warburg Is a termination used to describe a mechanism of some cancer cells to metabolize glucose via glycolysis, where the conversion of glucose to lactate with oxygen available to obtain energy with speedy generation but less efficient pathway for obtaining ATP (20,21). Carbon precursors undeniable for the synthesis of nucleic acids, phospholipids, fatty acids, cholesterol and porphyrins can be provides by glycolysis (28). Glycolysis in normal tissues is the metabolism of 6-carbon glucose to 3-carbon pyruvate and the energy in the form of ATP occur via oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria (30).Hexocinase-2 (HK-2) is an isoform over-expressed in many cancer cells and is located on the external mitochondrial membrane protein VDAC (voltage-dependent anion channel). HK-2 has preferential access to mitochondrial generated ATP via the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), and protection from inhibition by its product G-6-P. Cancer cells have overproduced HK-2 and making the reaction between ATP and the incoming glucose to produce G-6-P at a high rate (30). Studi es suggest a link between cancer cells and Hif-1a, where high Hif-1a activity is demonstrated to mediate the Warburg effect. HIF-1a is able to produce enzymes hexokinase 2, triosephosphate isomerase, isomerase, glucose 6-phosphate, and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in glycolysis (31). HIF-1 is a transcription factor responsible for the change of gene expression during cellular response to low oxygen conditions. Amplifies HIF-1 transcription of genes encoding glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes (32).Recent studies show Warburg effect have many mechanisms tumour microenvironment and stabilization of HIF, oncogene activation and loss of tumor suppressor genes, mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells, nuclear DNA mutations, epigenetic changes, miRNA, glutamine metabolism, and post-translational modifications (28).Metabolic pathways and importance in the differentiation and function of immune cells The response, proliferation, polarization or action of immune cells requires the su pply of nutrients and high energy consumption, for this reason the contribution of ATP for these functions comes from differential form of the various metabolic pathways, from glycolysis, to pyruvate until lactate production or acyl-CoA, to enter the tricarboxylic cycle acid (TCA) or through of the fatty acids oxidation (FAO). Producing enough electrons (NADH and FADH2) to activate of the electron transport chain to fuel oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) (1).It is also already considered that myeloid cells such as granulocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells and T cells mainly use glycolysis as a source of ATP via anaerobic when they present an effector or inflammatory profile (Figure XX)(1,2). This is evidenced by neutrophils that have few mitochondria and consume little oxygen (34). Under these conditions the Warburg effect is generated. Producing lactate and NADPH, an essential cofactor for the NADPH oxidase for the production of important microbicidal product H2O2 (35). Some authors suggest that eosinophils and basophils are metabolically similar to neutrophils (36)As with neutrophils, macrophages are important in the immune response and are distributed in all organs and tissues. Playing an important role in unlearned immunity and adopt different states of activation. Interferon- (IFN-), in combination with TLR agonists, induces M1 (inflammatory), while IL-4 and IL-13 cytokines induces M2 (regulators) (37). M1 macrophages secrete IL-12, IFN-gamma promotes, thus inducing NK cells and T cells, addition of TNF-, that activate other immune cells, and NO. Contrary M2 macrophages, secret anti-inflammatory molecules and stimulate tissue repair. Activation of M1 and M2 is characterized by the use of different metabolic pathways (38). M1 using arginine as a substrate to produce iNOS occurs only in the M1, and not in M2. M2 using arginine as a substrate for Arginase1 expressed only in the M2, and not in M1(37). The M1 macrophages possess a glycolytic metab olism. Similar to the different types of activated cells such as dendritic cells and granulocytes. (Figure XX). The Macrophage M1 has higher basal mitochondrial oxygen consumption, the other macrophages. M2 macrophages inducing the mitochondrial OXPHOS through of IL-4 and FAO. in such a way, metabolism M2 is strongly colored towards the use of FAO and mitochondrial respiration to meet their energy needs (Figure XX) (39).DCs derived from cultured bone marrow stimulated with colony-stimulating factor granulocyte-macrophage, are a model of production of TNF- and inducible nitrous oxide synthase (iNOS). At rest, the DCs oxidize glucose in the mitochondria, by OXPHOS, with little lactate production. But, once stimulated with TLR agonists, become dependent on Warburg metabolism to subsistence (40). PI3K and Akt are important in the activation of glycolytic metabolism (41) play an important role in the duration of glycolysis in DCs activated. As evidenced by DCs activated by more than 12 hours which increases glucose consumption and TCA and mitochondrial oxygen consumption cease (40), increasing lactate production, and the cells survive only by aerobic glycolysis (Fig. XX). The high production NO gas by iNOS from arginine, indolent mitochondrial respiration in these cells. So the activation of glycolytic metabolism in activated DCs induces the expression of iNOS and production of NO thus inhibits OXPHOS. This subsistence mechanism is vital for the rapid production of ATP in the absence of machinery for the production of mitochondrial ATP (42).As the cells of the innate immune system, the T and B cells activated Warburg metabolism used at the time of the proliferation. In contrast to most of innate cells, which use Warburg metabolism after activation but not proliferate (1). Contrary to activated effector T cells, memory T and B cells do not use aerobic glycolysis but if they use mitochondrial FAO for their development and persistence, maintain or adopt a catabolic metabolism (Figure XX) (43). Once an antigen recognized by naive T cells and with adequate costimulation, this growth rapid, proliferation, and acquisition of specialized effector functions is initiated. This requires of the T cell a metabolic reprogramming and energetic. This pass of a catabolic metabolism to an anabolic metabolism, changes the cell is not in a state of maintenance and homeostasis (1).Some molecules such P13K, Akt, Myc, and HIF are associated with immune and metabolic signals for the activation, function, development and upkeep of T cells. So the metabolic pathways induce a T helper subsets (1). As was evidenced in Treg cells mainly use mitochondrial OXPHOS and FAO for their development and subsistence (17) or in Th17 cells where glycolysis is primarily required (44). In activated T cells the IL-12 induce an increase in the glucose transporter and glycolytic metabolism. Besides glycolysis in maintaining the activity of active effector T cells, exist other pathways involved, as via the pentose phosphate and glutaminolysis as well as the use of key molecules such as citrate and malate (Figure XX) (1).It is important to consider the available nutrients, substrates, or other resources that can create an imbalance in the environment of immune cells, affecting the metabolism of cell function and fate of immune cells.Mitochondria in the production of iNOS and inflammation All metabolic process to generate ATP by OXPHOS generates ROS, which are involved in oxidative stress of the mitochondria. Production of O2- in excess, induces activation of factors of redox-sensitive transcription, such as NF-kB, and thus an increase of cytokines, chemokines, inducible nitrous oxide synthase (iNOS), eicosanoids, and adhesion molecules (45). Some of these superoxide anions combine with nitric oxide (NO) to produce peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a powerful oxidant. These ROS oxidize proteins, membrane lipid and mtDNA damaging mitochondrial integrity (46). Being mitochondr ia, the inducer of the pro-inflammatory action by the action of innate immunity using redox sensitive or direct inflammasome activation molecules. Progression that result in the immediate activation of caspase-1, and subsequent activation of the inactive precursor of IL-1 and IL-18 (47).DAMPs activate the same receptors that detect PAMPs, such as TLRs and cytoplasmic NOD and NLRs (46). Once activated, NLRP3 this is depolymerized and induces the recruitment of the adapter protein ASC and caspase-1 (and her cleavage), and other cytoskeletal proteins, glycolytic enzymes and caspase-7. This group of proteins called inflammasome. This complex induces pro-inflammatory, such as IL-1 and IL-18.(47).Elevated levels of ROS generated by the mitochondria activate NLRP3 inflammasome. Interestingly, the humidity and the myth-AMPS can activate APCs, as well as other non-immune cells including mesenchymal stem cells and astrocytes. Additionally, IL-1 pro-inflammatory IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF is induced by degradation of mtDNA in mouse primary astrocytes. (48). This activation of the inflammasome can activate NF-kB, increasing even more pro-inflammatory cytokines duration of the inflammatory response. This marrow of events can be a clear explanation to the high deterioration of mitochondria (46).Biogenesis of mitochondria The availability of nutrients and oxygen can determine the function of a time cell proliferate and differentiate. Under normal conditions the cell has high level out of ATP/ADP/AMP. Thus, an increase in AMP activates AMPK, activating ATP production by activating TSC 1 and 2 which blocks mTOR (7). After ATP levels are increased activated Akt/PKB promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NRF-1 and nuclear translocation with increased mitochondrial hexokinase (HK), using glycolysis coupled to OXPHOS with uptake mitochondrial ATP, especially in order to allow cell survival and maintenance of cell functions (49). An important pr otein in the biogenesis of mitochondria is BAD, which is involved in the initiation of a protein complex that catalyzes the first step of glycolysis by deHK-4 activation. But absent BAD gives a restriction of respiration in the presence of glucose and in the absence of glucose dephosphorylated BAD and induces apoptosis(50). This interaction between energy metabolism and the regulation of apoptosis, is important in mitochondrial biogenesis, and any imbalance can lead to mitochondrial disaster and loss problems inducing pathological cell survival (51).Thus, the whole process of inflammation, oxidation and apoptosis, requires a high rate of mitochondrial replacement to allow the restoration of modify mitochondria continuously and cell survival, which may serve as a signal that stimulates the production of mediators anti-inflammatories such as the IL-10. This is evidenced by the increased immune tolerance during periods of mitochondrial biogenesis may be a risk for recurrent or second ary infections evidencing with them a close relationship between immunosuppression and the regeneration of the mitochondria, this period of immunosuppression may be greater depending the damage level of the mitochondria involved in the initial inflammatory process.(49).VI. References1. Pearce EL, Pearce EJ. Metabolic pathways in immune cell activation and quiescence. Immunity. Elsevier Inc. 2013 Apr 1838(4)63343.2. Odegaard JI, Chawla A. The immune system as a sensor of the metabolic state. Immunity. Elsevier Inc. 2013 Apr 1838(4)64454.3. Oren R, Farnham AE, Saito K, Milofsky E, Karnovsky ML. Metabolic patterns in three types of phagocytizing cells. J Cell Biol. 1963 Jun17487501.4. Krawczyk CM, Holowka T, Sun J, Blagih J, Amiel E, DeBerardinis RJ, et al. Toll-like receptor-induced changes in glycolytic metabolism regulate dendritic cell activation. Blood. 2010 Jun 10115(23)47429.5. Saric J. Interactions between immunity and metabolism contributions from the metabolic profiling of p arasite-rodent models. Parasitology. 2010 Aug137(9)145166.6. Datta SR, Brunet A, Greenberg ME. Cellular survival a play in three Akts. Genes Dev. 1999 Nov 1513(22)290527.7. Powell JD, Pollizzi KN, Heikamp EB, Horton MR. Regulation of immune responses by mTOR. Annu step up Immunol. 2012 Jan303968.8. Castro AF, Rebhun JF, Clark GJ, Quilliam LA. Rheb binds tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) and promotes S6 kinase activation in a rapamycin- and farnesylation-dependent manner. J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 29278(35)324936.9. Wang L, Harris TE, Roth RA, Lawrence JC. PRAS40 regulates mTORC1 kinase activity by functioning as a direct inhibitor of substrate binding. J Biol Chem. 2007 Jul 6282(27)2003644.10. Sabatini DM. mTOR and cancer insights into a complex relationship. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 Sep6(9)72934.11. Waickman AT, Powell JD. mTOR, metabolism, and the regulation of T-cell differentiation and function. Immunol Rev. 2012 Sep249(1)4358.12. Laplante M, Sabatini DM. mTOR signaling at a glance. J Cell Sci. 2009 Oct 15122(Pt 20)358994.13. Barbi J, Pardoll D, Pan F. Metabolic control of the Treg/Th17 axis. Immunol Rev. 2013 foil252(1)5277.14. Wang R, Dillon CP, Shi LZ, Milasta S, Carter R, Finkelstein D, et al. The transcription factor Myc controls metabolic reprogramming upon T lymphocyte activation. Immunity. 2011 Dec 2335(6)87182.15. Barbi J, Pardoll D, Pan F. Metabolic control of the Treg/Th17 axis. Immunol Rev. 2013 Mar252(1)5277.16. Cui G, Qin X, Wu L, Zhang Y, Sheng X, Yu Q, et al. Liver X receptor (LXR) mediates negative regulation of mouse and human Th17 differentiation. J Clin Invest. 2011 Feb121(2)65870.17. Michalek RD, Gerriets VA, Jacobs SR, Macintyre AN, MacIver NJ, Mason EF, et al. Cutting edge distinct glycolytic and lipid oxidative metabolic programs are essential for effector and regulatory CD4+ T cell subsets. J Immunol. 2011 Mar 15186(6)3299303.18. Thomson AW, Turnquist HR, Raimondi G. Immunoregulatory functions of mTOR inhibition. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009 May9(5)32437.19. Sakata A, Kuwahara K, Ohmura T, Inui S, Sakaguchi N. Involvement of a rapamycin-sensitive pathway in CD40-mediated activation of murine B cells in vitro. Immunol Lett. 1999 Jun 168(2-3)3019.20. Lazorchak AS, Liu D, Facchinetti V, Di Lorenzo A, Sessa WC, Schatz DG, et al. Sin1-mTORC2 suppresses rag and il7r gene expression through Akt2 in B cells. Mol Cell. 2010 Aug 1339(3)43343.21. Brunet A, Bonni A, Zigmond MJ, Lin MZ, Juo P, Hu LS, et al. Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor. Cell. 1999 Mar 1996(6)85768.22. Benhamron S, Tirosh B. Direct activation of mTOR in B lymphocytes confers impairment in B-cell maturation andloss of marginal zone B cells. Eur J Immunol. 2011 Aug41(8)23906.23. Dong H, Bullock TNJ. Metabolic Influences That Regulate Dendritic Cell Function in Tumors. Front Immunol. 2014 Jan524.24. Dong H, Bullock TNJ. Metabolic Influences That Regulate Dendritic Cell Function in Tumors. Front Immunol. 201 4 Jan524.25. Krawczyk CM, Holowka T, Sun J, Blagih J, Amiel E, DeBerardinis RJ, et al. Toll-like receptor-induced changes in glycolytic metabolism regulate dendritic cell activation. Blood. 2010 Jun115(23)47429.26. Vats D, Mukundan L, Odegaard JI, Zhang L, Smith KL, Morel CR, et al. Oxidative metabolism and PGC-1beta sublimate macrophage-mediated inflammation. Cell Metab. 2006 Jul4(1)1324.27. Byles V, Covarrubias AJ, Ben-Sahra I, Lamming DW, Sabatini DM, Manning BD, et al. The TSC-mTOR pathway regulates macrophage polarization. Nat Commun. Nature Publishing Group 2013 Jan42834.28. Upadhyay M, Samal J, Kandpal M, Singh OV, Vivekanandan P. The Warburg effect insights from the past decade. Pharmacol Ther. Elsevier Inc. 2013 Mar137(3)31830.29. Xie J, Wu H, Dai C, Pan Q, Ding Z, Hu D, et al. Beyond Warburg effect double metabolic nature of cancer cells. Sci Rep. Nature Publishing Group 2014 Jan44927.30. Mathupala SP, Ko YH, Pedersen PL. Hexokinase-2 bound to mitochondria cancers stygi an link to the Warburg Effect and a pivotal target for effective therapy. Semin Cancer Biol. 2009 Feb19(1)1724.31. Palsson-McDermott EM, ONeill L a J. The Warburg effect then and now from cancer to inflammatory diseases. Bioessays. 2013 Nov35(11)96573.32. Cairns R a, Harris IS, Mak TW. Regulation of cancer cell metabolism. Nat Rev Cancer. Nature Publishing Group 2011 Feb11(2)8595.33. Kominsky DJ, Campbell EL, Colgan SP. Metabolic shifts in immunity and inflammation. J Immunol. 2010 Apr 15184(8)40628.34. Van Raam BJ, Verhoeven AJ, Kuijpers TW. Mitochondria in neutrophil apoptosis. Int J Hematol. 2006 Oct84(3)199204.35. Dale DC, Boxer L, Liles WC. The phagocytes neutrophils and monocytes. Blood. 2008 Aug 15112(4)93545.36. Sumbayev V V, Nicholas SA, Streatfield CL, Gibbs BF. Involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 HiF(1alpha) in IgE-mediated primary human basophil responses. Eur J Immunol. 2009 Dec39(12)35119.37. Murray PJ, Wynn TA. Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage s ubsets. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011 Nov11(11)72337.38. Rodrguez-Prados J-C, Travs PG, Cuenca J, Rico D, Aragons J, Martn-Sanz P, et al. Substrate fate in activated macrophages a comparison between innate, classic, and alternative activat

Why Organization Should Be Concerned With Labour Turnover

Why Organization Should Be Concerned With Labour employee turnoverAny business ingests a source of labour to function. This axiom applies every bit whether we rely solely on a basic economical fabric of the coc pick outed, with labour as one of the four factors of production (Bannock, Baxter and Davis 1988), or a bolshie account, which emphasises labour power (Marx 1867 / 1946 169), or subscribe to to a greater fulfilment complex models of judicatures, which place greatness on intellectual or human capital and the importance of companionship management (Harrison 1999 409-412). To establish the need to manage resourcing, we do non need to refer to any given context, it follows apriori from any view of an organization. Even if organizations of the future adjudge virtual employees, they will need to manage them as a resource. When an employee ceases, this can have a variety of effects that non only impact on the organization, but also the individual employee and wider societ y (Mobley 1982 15-31). These can be positive or negative (Mobley 1982 Hom and Griffeth 1995 13-33), and a greater understanding of the process of labour disorder can amplify the degree to which organizations and employees within organizations can see these effects (Dalton, Krackhardt and Porter 1981 Dalton, Todor and Krackhardt 1982).In addition to the management of resourcing being an a priori concern, there is a posteriori justification for studying this phenomenon. Current explanations of employee turnover fail to offer either predictive or explanatory power (Aquino, Griffeth, Allen and Hom 1997). Despite an enormous literature on turnover in organizations (Price 1977 Mobley 1982), there is as yet no univers all toldy re bear oned account or framework for why spate choose to leave (Lee and Mitchell 1994). This prohibits understanding the phenomenon after the event, yet neither is there an accepted means of assessing the likelihood of an individuals deciding to leave in the f uture (Terborg and Lee 1984), which prohibits prediction of turnover.1.2 impulsive and in willful turn overWe use turnover to mean voluntary cessation of membership of an organization by an employee of that organization. This answers Prices call to make voluntariness explicit, which is weighty as it is in instances where the employee controls the leaving process that organizations and theorists have an interest in turnover. This definition also refers to cessation of membership (Mobley 1982 10), but it should be acknowledged that from a more than institutional or organizational perspective, turnover may also include accession or entry. The scope that a voluntary / involuntary dichotomy offers for classifying the phenomenon changes puted, opinionated research (Price 1977). Particularly where turnover is thought to be associated with a factor ( such(prenominal) as organizational commitment), or to be preceded by a psychological distinguish (such as intent to quit), drawing the distinction between voluntary and involuntary turnover is important, otherwise assessment of such a relationship in impairment of all organization leavers will be flawed.Involuntary turnover may occur for reasons which be in hooked of the affected employee(s), such as the (real or perceived) need to put down be, restructure or downsize. Inclusion of these cases in a study of organization leavers, will mean any relationship between turnover and a personal characteristic will be significantly diluted. Even where involuntary turnover occurs for reasons associated with an individual employee (such as poor performance), it is likely these cases be more respectable example of the wider sample of organizational members in relation to the processual dimension of a decision to leave than any sub-sample of organizational leavers would be. Where an instance of turnover is genuinely voluntary, this instance represents the economic consumption of choice and is the result of a decision process. To this degree, the machinate of instances of involuntary turnover (where employees have been forced to leave) is likely to be more representative of the totality of organizational members than the set of instances of voluntary turnover (where employees have chosen to leave).To the issue that turnover involves leaving, instances of voluntary turnover also represent a purer social phenomenon, as they catalogue where individuals have chosen to terminate a significant relationship. By way of contrast, in involuntary instances, because these be in just about sense owned by an abstract entity (the organization), a relational aspect to turnover namely cessation of membership, is lost. Instead other more impersonal considerations such as (remotely defined) utility prevail. In terms of the nature of social science research, study of involuntary turnover is likely to focus on consequential and extrinsic aspects, rather than intrinsic characteristics.We accept that in reality th e apparently straightforward dichotomy between voluntary and involuntary turnover has limitations (Vandenberg and Nelson 1999). For example, records of instances of turnover may misrepresent the extremity to which a turnover decision was voluntary. Where exit interviews are conducted, interviewers may not esteem to press too hard when questioning an employee, it is also possible that they will not wish to record details that would cast the organization or the employee in a bad light (Campion 1991). The employee may have similar motives for being reticent well-nigh their reasons for leaving, and added to this they may have concerns most the extent to which full and frank disclosure could harm their prospects of receiving a favourable reference. All of these factors may muddy the putatively categorical voluntary / involuntary distinction. In 1969, Samuel called for organizations to have in place their own definitions of turnover and voluntariness in order to friend them plan resou rce- relate issues.1.3 AvoidabilityVoluntary turnover may be classified as avoidable (Abelson 1987 Campion 1991). In other words, is it a case of employee instigated turnover which could have been prevented. This classification is useful per se, as it can designate the global scope for future planned intervention. For example, where an organization is able to identify that the bulk of voluntary turnover is beyond their control e.g. where voluntary turnover is a result of relocation by a spouse or partner, they may profit better from initiatives which seek to manage turnover post hoc, rather than legislate on theorised preventative measures (e.g. increasing salary directs).1.4 MeasurementTurnover is often not measured in a sophisticated enough manner to enable discrimination between cases where employees have chosen to leave, and cases where they have had to leave for reasons out of their control. Often organizations use a relatively crude measure of turnover such as below (Marchi ngton and Wilkinson 1996)______Leavers in year_________ X 100Average number employed in yearThis does not distinguish the cases where volume left because they were dissatisfied, from cases where people left because of ill health or where they retired, or where they were made redundant. Yet measurement of turnover needs to be sophisticated enough to enable those creditworthy for resource planning to identify various categories of leavers (Worthington 1992 278 Forbes and McGill 1985 11-12). This is because any single-figure measure of turnover will be inadequate in so far as it treats all those who leave as an homogenous group.1.5 Employee turnover factorsThe factors that have been identified in context of the employees turnover are,Expectation not metMismatch between the person and the federal agencyMismatch between the person and the culture of the firmInsufficient opportunities for growth and advancementInsufficient recognition or appreciationProblems with direct managerDissatisf action with impartStressLack of work conduct balanceLoss of confidence in the firm, particularly leadershiphipExpectation not metIn met expectation model by (Porters and Steers in 1973) the main factor behind the leaving activity of the employees in any organization is Expectation not met. In this model it is pickably cleared by the writers that if an employee find his/her expectations wrong after joining the organization, which he/she had created to the exaltedest degree the employer before entering into it, then he/she immediately discouraged as such and as a result going for search of alternative employers who are matching to his/her expectations of a work life. Such manikin of expectations could be of any tolerant like it could be of work conditions, salary, career development, career growth, compensation and benefits, autonomy, time flexibility etc. The model describes this that the employees before entering into the company created a utmost of high expectations from their employers but if any or some of those expectations are damaged after joining the organization then the ultimate effect come up in the form of employees discouragement which led them to leave the organization of similar category they are looking for.Mismatch between the person and the roleIn (P-O fit model by Kristof in 1996) the main reason defined over against high turnover issue in the organizations is the Mismatch between the person and the role. harmonise to the research work performed by Kristof, the incompatibility among the personal skills and the pedigree requirements results frustration in employees. As the work required to be done by the employees requires particular proposition skills and if the employees lacking in those skills then ultimately the effect will be to the employer and as a result the employer will pose after the employee again and again which makes the employee irritated and an internal motivation to switch the business enterprise will force him to do so. Similarly, the research work explained in quite detail that such kind of differences occur across the organization quite often when the hypothecate specification and description is not communicated properly to the employees.Mismatch between the person and the culture of the firmThe major factor behind the high turnover among the employees of any organization which is Mismatch between the person and the culture of the firm. The model is describing it in very oftentimes detail that the surroundings are creating a great impact on the human beings output. The more the friendly and challenging the environment will be the more a person will be able to perform up to his/her maximal level of output.ReferenceEmployee Turnover Problem Faced by telecommunication Industry in PakistanInsufficient opportunities for growth and advancementThe Organizational Equilibrium fabric is very well known and recognized researchers, named,(March and Simons in 1958) describing an other important factor related to the dissatisfaction of the employees which is Insufficient opportunities for growth and advancement. The model is specifically focusing on the pre-entrance expectations of the employees towards their employers. Because not in every case it istrue that according to employee the value is property rather in current era, as described in (P-O fit model by Kristof in 1996) the less organizational culture of opportunities are acting a major role in de-motivating the employees and leading them to move to the competitions (sometimes at less financial benefits).Insufficient recognition or appreciation(Lee and Mitchells develop Model in 1996) explains important factor-insufficient recognition or appreciation. According to the researchers this factor actually forcing the employees to move out of the organizations, if, their thrusts are not recognized very well by the employer. Whenever an employee going after to perform some labour, assigned by the management, he/she alw ays looking towards the management for happenting some rewards from them for creating intrinsic motivation for him/herself.Problems with direct managerSometimes the employers are very much efficient in providing excellent organizational culture which led their employees to remain with them for longer terms. But, still, the employees are not feeling comfortable in remaining there in the organizations. (Hulin in 1995) identified the reason for such kind of problems facing by the employers. Hulin described a very important factor-Problems with direct manager in a model, named, Attitude-with drawl behavior Model in 1995. The same factor is also identified by the (Chen et al. in his Organizational Citizenship Model in 1998) in which, he showed agree ness with lot of outcomes of the Hulins model. They both actually tried to focus on the importance of the behavior of the supervisors/ managers with their subordinates.According to their point of view, if you stressing the ego of the human b eings then it is to be quite obvious that they will move to defensive mode against that particular person who is the main source behind that stress. But in an organization they could never come up with such behavior against their managers so consequently they decided to move away of the organization.Lack of work life balance(Lee Mitchells Unfolding Model in 1996) and (B separately Mitchells Image Theory in 1988) defining a very censorious factor- Lack of work Life Balance behind high turnover in the organizations. As every personal in the world have his/her, own, life towhich he/she want to give proper time other than work life. So whenever employees found any conflict in between both lives they prefer to move somewhere else where they could avoid such kind of conflicts.1.6 Costs of TurnoverAnalyses of the costs associated with turnover yield surprisingly high estimates. The high cost of losing key employees has long been recognized. However, it is important for organizations to understand that general turnover rates in the workforce can also have a serious impact on an organizations profitability, and even survival. There are a number of costs incurred as a result of employee turnover. These costs are derived from a number of different sources, a few of which are listed below.Recruitment of replacements, including administrative expenses, advertising, screening and interviewing, and serves associated with endurance, such as security checks, processing of references, and, possibly, psychological testing.Administrative hiring costs.Lost productivity associated with the stave period before a replacement can be placed on the task.Lost productivity due to the time required for a untested worker to get up to speed on the tune.Lost productivity associated with the time that co workers must spend away from their work to help a new worker.Costs of training, including supervisory and co worker time spent in formal training, as well as the time that the worker in training must spend off the job.Costs associated with the period prior to voluntary termination when workers tend to be less productive.In some cases costs associated with the communication of proprietary trade secrets, procedures, and skills to competitive organizations.Public relations costs associated with having a large number of voluntary or involuntary terminations in the residential district spreading gossip about the organization.Increased unemployment insurance costs.Referencewww.sigmaassessmentsystems.com/articles/empturnover.asp1.7 Model of Employee TurnoverThe goal of effective management of turnover dictates that a high level of sophistication, and thereby particularity, needs to be achieved by organizations in order to selectively influence the turnover process. Voluntariness may need to be defined differently for each organization (Samuel 1969) and measurement of turnover may need to be at a level of detail far greater than that currently employed by many organiza tions (Campion 1991). Additionally, even where problems in costing turnover (Cheng and Brown 1998 Hom 1992) can be resolved, there remain inescapably problematic aspects to determining relationally defined aspects such as avoidability (Abelson 1987) and functionality (Dalton et al. 1982). In the light of these contingent complications, the aim of a comprehensive surmise of turnover can seem unrealistic. This aim seems further complicated if an endeavour to predict turnover behaviour is our goal, although as( Lee and Mowday 1987) point out, although researchers tend to emphasize prediction as a criterion in judging models, we should not flake out sight of the importance of understanding as a goal of scientific enquiry.The phenomenon of turnover is of interest to organizations and theorists because it is significant (Price 1977), potentially costly (Mobley 1982) and relatively clear cut (Porter and Steers 1973). It also describes the end result of a decision process (Lee and Mitche ll 1991). All these characteristics also indicate that the phenomenon is likely to attract interest from modellers.The framework of study includes three different models based on various factors that are assumed to have a strong effect on employees turnover intention. First model ispresented in Fig.1. It includes three sets of independent factors demographic, controllable, and uncontrollable. Turnover intention is the dependent factor in this model. Turnover intention has been used very often in past researches. (Fishbein and ajzens1975) theory of location postulates that the best predictor of individual behavior will be measure of his intention to perform that behavior. (Shore and martin 1989) noted that turnover intention is an appropriate dependent variable because it is linked with actual turnover. (Price and mueller 1981) even recommended the use of turnover intention over actual turnover because the latter is more difficult to predict as there are external factors that affec t turnover behavior. Moreover, turnover intention may be a better barometer of management practices than actual turnover. For example, it is possible that, despite high turnover intention, actual turnover is low because of high unemployment in an industry. The low turnover in this case, may mask the poor management practices.Employee Turnover model fig 1FactorsAgeGenderEducationTenureIncome LevelJob CategoryTurnover intensionUncontrollable FactorsPerceived pick ofEmployment opportunityJob HoppingControllable FactorsPayNature of WorkSupervisionOrganizational commitment1.8 Industry AnalysisMOBILINK PAKISTANVision StatementTo be the leading Telecommunication Services Provider in Pakistan by offering innovative Communication solutions for our Customers while exceeding Shareholder value Employee Expectations.Reference(http//www.mobilinkgsm.com/about/vision.php)Mission StatementTo be the leading mobile service provider in Pakistan, providing the best quality services for the maximum nu mber of customers, the best working environment for our employees and top value for our shareholders.ObjectivesTo be No. 1 in all its mobile businessesContinue to capture more market before competitors arrive.To increase market share up to 70% this yearTo achieve turnover of 20% in 2007To provide customer with best value for spending and service at low costReferenceEmployee Turnover Problem Faced by Telecom Industry in PakistanMarket ShareWith the monthly additions modal(a) around 2.5 one million million million subscribers, 2007 has been a phenomenal year for the mobile market growth in Pakistan Mobilink is pioneer of GSM technology in Pakistan and is market leader in mobile Communication. Mobilink has got huge market share of 62%.It portfolio remain in stars for last 5 years or so. Mobilink has market penetration of more than 2.3% per year. It has 2.5 million users. Mobilink Jazz has 85% share of prepaid. Due to large market share and high profitability it helps to expand the bu siness.Referencehttp//telecompk.net/2007/10/01/mobile-market-2007-mobilink-at-top/1.9 Employee turnover factors involved in mobilink pakistanThe factors that have been identified in context of the employees turnover a Mobilink Pakistan. areEmployees at Mobilink often look for alternative jobsThe alternative of job is positively related to employee turnover (hulin et al,1985 steel and griffeth,1989). The importance of this factor increases in the context of Pakistan telecom industry because there are more competitors and opportunities for finding jobs with other employers are in great number. The presence of number competitors in this industry may be a reason for the employees to perceive that they can easily find jobs in the market. condition the labor market conditions and number of jobs available in market, may potentially be a major reason of employee turnover.Employees expectations about Mobilink are not metIn met expectation model by (Porter Steers 1973) it was discussed that if the expectations of employees about their job are not met, they become dissatisfied and iteventually makes up the turnover intention. Employees were asked various questionsabout their expectations about Mobilink before they joined it and the level to which these expectations were met.Employees are not satisfied with the training opportunities and training effectiveness.Training is very important in employees growth and career development. If employees are not provided with sufficient training opportunities and relevant training contents, then they dont see growth in their career and this phenomenon creates dissatisfaction among employees. As a result, they think to find some job where they hope they can get enough training opportunities for their career development (March Simons 1958) Organizational Equilibrium Model). Employees at Mobilink were asked about the training opportunities and training effectiveness. The collected information will help to find out the significance o f this factor in employee turnover at Mobilink.Employees are not satisfied with the amount of help they get from supervisor and fellow workers.Employees satisfaction with supervision and with the help they get from co-workers is negatively associated with employee turnover (Debrah,1993). Supervisors attitude with subordinates is very important in organizational context. It is ordinarily believed that employees dont leave the job, they leave the bosses. The help from peers and co-workers also plays a very important role in organizational commitment. Employees are tied in strong bonds if the overall culture in an organization is helping and friendly. On these theoretical justifications, it was very important to find out the significance of employees satisfaction with the amount of help they get from supervisors and fellow workers in Mobilink.Employees are not satisfied with the growth opportunitiesOne of the major motivation for employees to work with any organization is the growth and advancement opportunities they are provided. (In organizational equilibrium model, 1958, March Simon) discuss that insufficient opportunities for growth and advancement prove to be dissatisfying for employees. This hypothesis will help us to identify that whether or not employees are satisfied with the growth opportunities at Mobilink.Employees do not have a good work-life balance.Lack of work-life balance is a source of employees dissatisfaction (Lee MitchellsUnfolding Model 1996). If after the job, employees are not left with enough time to spend with their families and for their personal activities, they are de-motivated and this fact forces them to think about leaving the job (Beach and Mitchells Image Theory 1988). In present conditions of competition among different employers in telecom sector, there is a possibility that employees are being stretched to give maximum output and this may cause a misbalance between the work and employees personal life.1.10 Strategies to mi nimize employee turnoverStrategies on how to minimize employee turnover, confronted with problems of employee turnover, management has several policy options that is to say changing (or improving existing) policies towards recruitment, selection, induction, training, job design and wage payment. Policy choice, however, must be appropriate to the precise diagnosis of the problem. Employee turnover attributable to poor selection procedures, for example, is unlikely to improve were the policy modification to focus exclusively on the induction process. Equally, employee turnover attributable to wage rates which produce earnings that are not competitive with other firms in the local labour market is unlikely to decrease were the policy adjustment merely to enhance the organizations provision of on-the job training opportunities. Given that there is increase in direct and indirect costs of labour turnover, therefore, management are frequently exhorted to identify the reasons why people l eave organizations so that appropriate action is taken by the management. Extensive research has shown that the following categories of human capital management factors provides a core set of measures that senior management can use to increase the effectiveness of their investment in people and improve overall corporate performance of business Employee engagement, the organizations subject to engage, retain, and optimize the value of its employees hinges on how well jobs are designed, how employees time is used, and the commitment and support that is shown to employees by the management would motivate employees to stay in organizations.. Knowledge accessibility, the extent of the organisations collaborativeness and its capacity for qualification knowledge and ideas widely available to employees, would make employees to stay in the organisation. Sharing of information should be made at all levels of management. This accessibility of information would lead to strong performance fro m the employees and creating strong corporate culture (Meaghan et al. 2002). Thereforeinformation accessibility would make employees feel that they are appreciated for their effort and chances of leaving the organisation are minimal.Workforce optimization, the organisations success in optimizing the performance of the employees by establishing essential processes for getting work done, providing good working conditions, establishing accountability and making good hiring choices would retain employees in their organisation. The importance of gaining better understanding of the factors related to recruitment, motivation and retention of employees is further underscored by rising personnel costs and high rates of employee turnover (Badawy, 1988 Basta and Johnson, 1989 Garden, 1989 Parden, 1981 Sherman, 1986). With increased competitiveness on globalizations, managers in many organizations are experiencing greater pressure from top management to improve recruitment, selection, training, and retention of good employees and in the long run would encourage employees to stay in organisations.Job involvement describes an individuals ego involvement with work and indicates the extent to which an individual identifies psychologically with his/her job (Kanungo,1982). Involvement in terms of internalizing values about the goodness or the importance of work made employees not to quit their jobs and these involvementsare related to task characteristics. Workers who have a greater variety of tasks tend stay in the job. Task characteristics have been found to be potential determinants ofturnover among employees (Couger, 1988 Couger and Kawasaki, 1980 Garden, 1989 Goldstein and Rockart, 1984). These include the five core job characteristics identified by (Hackman 1975) and (Oldham 1980) skill variety, which refers to the opportunity to utilize a variety of valued skills and talents on the job task identity, or the extent to which a job requires completion of a whole and identi fiable piece of work that is, doing a job from beginning to end, with visible results task significance, which reflects the extent to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people, whether within or outside the organisation job autonomy, or the extent to which the job provides freedom, independence, and discretion in scheduling work and determining procedures that the job provides and job feedback, which refers to the extent to which the job provides information about the effectiveness of ones performance (Tor et al., 1997). Involvement would influence job satisfaction and increase organizational commitment of the employees. Employees who are more involved in their jobs are more satisfied with their jobs and more committed to their organization (Blau and Boal, 1989 Brooke and Price, 1989 Brooke et al., 1988 Kanungo, 1982). Job involvement has also been found to be negatively related to turnover intentions (Blat and Boal, 1989). Job satisfaction, career satisfaction, and organisational commitment reflect a positive attitude towards the organization, thus having a direct influence on employee turnover intentions. Job satisfaction, job involvement and organisational commitment are considered to be related but discriminable attitudes (Brooke and Price, 1989). Satisfaction represents an affective response to specific aspects of the job or career and denotes the pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from an appraisal of ones job or career (Locke, 1976 Porter et al., 1974 Williams and Hazer, 1986). Organisational commitment is an affective response to the whole organisation and the degree of attachment or loyalty employees feel towards the organisation. Job involvement represents the extent to which employees are absorbed in or preoccupied with their jobs and the extent to which an individual identifies with his/her job (Brooke et al., 1988).The degree of commitment and loyalty can be achieved if management they meliorate the jobs, empower and compensate employees properly. Empowerment of employees could help to enhance the continuity of employees in organisations. Empowered employees where managers supervise more people than in a traditional pecking order and delegate more decisions to their subordinates (Malone, 1997). Managers act like coaches and help employees solve problems. Employees, he concludes, have increased responsibility. Superiors empowering subordinates by delegating responsibilities to them leads to subordinates who are more satisfied with their leaders and consider them to be fair and in turn to perform up to the superiors expectations (Keller and Dansereau, 1995). All these makes employees to be committed to the organization and chances of quitting are minimal.1.11 ConclusionStatistical analysis prove that Mobilink employees have sufficient perceived alternatives for jobs, employees dissatisfaction with the performance management system and employees bad work-life balance, have p roven to be valid. Whereas other hypotheses, employees expectations about Mobilink are not met, employees are not satisfied with the training opportunities and training effectiveness, employees are not satisfied with the growth opportunities and employees are not satisfied with the amount of help they get from supervisors and fellow workers, proved to be invalid. So, on the basis

air pollution :: essays research papers

Air PollutionThe moment you step out of the house and are on the road you can actually chew the fat the air getting polluted. A cloud of fag out from a truck, smoke filling the sky above a factory chimney, fly ash generated by thermal power plants, and even a cloud of dust behind a speeding car can pollute the air. Air pollution is worsen because of four developments increasing traffic, growing cities, rapid economic development, and industrialization. Natural phenomenon such as an erupting volcano or even someone smoking a behind can also cause air pollution. The major air pollutants are acid rain, smog, fly ash, and indoor air pollutants. Acid rain is caused by when exhaust from burning fossil fuels combine with water vapor in the atmosphere and falls as rain or snow. Acid rain causes extensive aggrieve to water, forest, soil, resources, and even human health. Many lakes and streams have been contaminated by acid rain and this had hint to a diminished population of fish. Aci d rain has lead to the international limitations of sulphur and nitrogen oxide.Smog is a combination of various gases (a large part of this gas is produced when fuels are burnt) with water vapor and dust. Smog forms when enkindle and sunlight react with these gases and fine particles in the air. Its occurrence is often liked to heavy traffic, high temperatures, and calm winds. Smog is seen as a yellowish taint over cities. Severe smog has been covering the city of Los Angeles California since the 1940s. Fly ash is produced at thermal power plants. Fly ash consists of silica, alumina, oxides of iron, calcium, and magnesium and unhealthful heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cobalt, and copper. Disposal of fly ash is very hazardous to the land, creates health hazards, and creates environmental danger. When fly ash gets out into the natural draining arranging it results in siltation and clogs the system it reduces the ph balance and portability of water. It also interferes with the pr ocess of photosynthesis in plants and thus disturbs the food chain. Today fly ash can be make into bricks and used as building material and was used in the construction of The American Embassy in India. Indoor air pollutants include tobacco smoke, hair sprays, perfume, glues, pesticides, parasites, fungi, formaldehyde, asbestos, and radon. totally of these can be found in homes whether its under the sink or in the air.

Irony in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Darkness ess

Irony in Heart of Darkness The use of irony within the The Heart of Darkness by Conrad is an all important(predicate) notion. Irony in this overboldla helps to bring about encapsulating self-discovery and enlightenment of the self. Furthermore the use of characters and what they represent also brings about communicating what it means to be civilised. and so these two facets shall be the focus within my essay. Firstly each of the main characters in Heart of Darkness plays a significant role in the boilersuit theme of the novel, as mentioned above. The central character is a thirty two year old sailor, Charlie Marlow. He is a dynamic character who essentially controls the developing of the theme. Through Marlows experiences and revelations, the author illustrates how forces of light and darkness serve to weave the human soul together thus, essentially how both good and evil are reflected within the individual. Marlows journey leads him in an urgent search for Kurtz, the one man who can provide him with the truth about himself. One central theme that prevails throughout the novel is mankinds capacity for good and evil. Illustrated in the evolution of the two central characters, Marlow and Kurtz. Both symbolize the two conditions of human nature. Kurtz represents what man could become if left to his own indwelling devices outside ... ... startling use of characterisation is that of the black slave with white pearls around his neck, this example of semiotics epitomises how black innocence personified in trapped downstairs white materialism. Works Cited The Congo Created December 07, 1997 (Accessed 12 February 2002). Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York Penguin Books, 1983. The Fear Created December 07, 1997 (Accessed 12 February 2002). Heart of Darkness A systematic military rank of the darkness inherent in mens souls The Perfect Native Created December 07, 1997 (Accessed 12 February 2002). The Setting Created December 07, 1997 (Accessed 12 February 2002).